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Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions ›› 2022, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (3): 182-195.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2022.21052.

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Climate and salinity drive soil bacterial richness and diversity in sandy grasslands in China

ChengChen Pan1,XiaoYa Yu2,Qi Feng1(),YuLin Li1,ShiLong Ren3   

  1. 1.Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
    2.School of Tourism and Resource Environment, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun, Guizhou 558000, China
    3.Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
  • Received:2021-09-25 Accepted:2022-01-18 Online:2022-06-30 Published:2022-07-04
  • Contact: Qi Feng E-mail:qifeng@lzb.ac.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41773086);the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province, China(18JR2RA026)

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Abstract:

Bacteria constitute a large proportion of the biodiversity in soils and control many important processes in terrestrial ecosystems. However, our understanding of the interactions between soil bacteria and environmental factors remains limited, especially in sensitive and fragile ecosystems. In this study, geographic patterns of bacterial diversity across four sandy grasslands along a 1,600 km north-south transect in northern China were characterized by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Then, we analyzed the driving factors behind the patterns in bacterial diversity. The results show that of the 21 phyla detected, the most abundant were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria and Firmicutes (average relative abundance >5%). Soil bacterial operational taxonomic unit (OTU) numbers (richness) and Faith's phylogenetic diversity (diversity) were highest in the Otindag Sandy Land and lowest in the Mu Us Sandy Land. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) was the most influential factor driving bacterial richness and diversity. The bacterial communities differed significantly among the four sandy grasslands, and the bacterial community structure was significantly affected by environmental factors and geographic distance. Of the environmental variables examined, climatic factors (mean annual temperature and precipitation) and edaphic properties (pH and EC) explained the highest proportion of the variation in bacterial community structure. Biotic factors such as plant species richness and aboveground biomass exhibited weak but significant associations with bacterial richness and diversity. Our findings revealed the important role of climate and salinity factors in controlling bacterial richness and diversity; understanding these roles is critical for predicting the impacts of climate change and promoting sustainable management strategies for ecosystem services in these sandy lands.

Key words: sandy land, soil bacterial diversity, biogeography, climate change, salinity

Figure 1

Relative abundances of the dominant soil bacteria groups in the four sandy grasslands in northern China"

Figure 2

Soil bacterial phylotype richness and Faith's phylogenetic diversity across the four sandy lands in northern China. Boxes with different letters indicate significant differences ( p <0.05; multiple comparisons with Kruskal-Wallis)"

Table 1

Model summary for the stepwise multiple regression of soil bacterial phylotype richness and Faith's phylogenetic diversity on environmental variables"

Adj. R2Contribution of the individual predictor
Full modelECPlant species richnessAboveground biomass
Richness0.72845.65.8%16.7%
Diversity0.70948.412.0%1.9%

Figure 3

Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of soil bacterial community structure based on Bray-Curtis distances in the four sandy grasslands in northern China"

Table 2

Difference tests for soil bacterial community structure between different sandy grasslands"

Hulun BuirOtindagHorqin

ANOSIM

R ( p value)

Otindag0.6761 (0.001)
Horqin0.758 (0.001)0.5629 (0.001)
Mu Us0.9623 (0.001)0.8599 (0.001)0.7927 (0.001)

MRPP

δ ( p value)

Otindag0.4262 (0.001)
Horqin0.4616 (0.001)0.4386 (0.001)
Mu Us0.4815 (0.001)0.4545 (0.001)0.5014 (0.001)

Figure 4

Pearson correlations between soil bacterial Bray-Curtis dissimilarities and geographical distances"

Table 3

Pearson correlation results between the bacterial community similarity and geographic distance or environmental distance using a partial Mantel test"

ItemsControlling forrp
Geographic distanceEnvironmental distance0.580.0001
Environmental distanceGeographic distance0.290.0001

Table 4

Partial Mantel test of soil bacterial community structure with environmental variables"

Variablesrp
SOM-0.18250.9962
TN-0.14180.9842
TP0.058660.2016
AP-0.12090.5166
ph0.35730.0001
EC0.26100.0003
PR0.037050.2885
PB0.00460.4090
MAP0.22010.0032
MAT0.39950.0001

Figure S1

The sampling sites across the four sandy grasslands in the Inner Mongolia of China. The location map was created using the ArcGIS 10.5 software ( https://www.esri.com/en-us/arcgis/products/index?rmedium=esri_com_redirects01&rsource=/en-us/arcgis/products)"

Figure S2

Relationship between soil bacterial phylotype richness and Faith's phylogenetic diversity and soil salinity"

Table S1

List of all the variables collected"

ClassificationVariables
Climate factorsMean annual temperature (MAT)
Mean annual precipitation (MAP)
Edaphic variablespH
Electrical conductivity (EC)
Soil organic matter (SOM)
Total nitrogen (TN)
Total phosphorus (TP)
Available phosphorus (AP)
Vegetation proptertiesPlant species richness (PR)
Vegetation aboveground biomass (AB)

Table S2

Basic characteristics and environmental characteristics (plants and soil, main ± SE) of the sampling sites across the four sandy grasslands in northern China"

SitesLongitude (°E)Latitude (°N)MAP (mm)MAT (°C)SOM (g/kg)TN (g/kg)TP (g/kg)AP (mg/kg)pHECPRPB
Hulun Buir 1118°3′7″49°14′51″299-0.182.42 ± 0.340.25 ± 0.020.16 ± 0.019.24 ± 0.547.17 ± 0.1171.93 ± 14.986.17 ± 0.73104.02 ± 13.20
Hulun Buir 2118°16'31"48°19'57"290-0.7016.08 ± 2.380.94 ± 0.110.53 ± 0.0815.70 ± 3.797.08 ± 0.0360.10 ± 15.053.33 ± 0.88143.86 ± 34.32
Hulun Buir 3118°38′13″49°7′50″318-0.543.74 ± 0.100.26 ± 0.050.18 ± 0.0118.33 ± 3.727.29 ± 0.26127.07 ± 22.115.67 ± 0.4479.03 ± 7.65
Hulun Buir 4118°43'45"49°4'46"309-0.677.32 ± 0.250.44 ± 0.040.41 ± 0.1813.98 ± 3.447.35 ± 0.13108.90 ± 2.706.25 ± 0.75122.60 ± 42.22
Hulun Buir 5118°48′9″49°6′19″325-0.7213.88 ± 0.660.92 ± 0.050.37 ± 0.0413.82 ± 1.536.74 ± 0.15135.27 ± 30.978.33 ± 1.64133.65 ± 18.39
Hulun Buir 6118°51′43″49°8′48″321-0.857.29 ± 0.230.43 ± 0.040.40 ± 0.1710.62 ± 1.187.28 ± 0.18120.43 ± 7.847.33 ± 0.88117.41 ± 2.68
Otindag 1116°0′45″42°41′1″3391.715.23 ± 0.550.44 ± 0.100.23 ± 0.047.06 ± 1.937.67 ± 0.1427.76 ± 4.455.83 ± 0.73132.75 ± 12.58
Otindag 2116°5′23″42°43′41″3431.465.45 ± 1.950.46 ± 0.080.21 ± 0.046.26 ± 1.427.91 ± 0.2429.33 ± 8.465.17 ± 0.8891.41 ± 26.21
Otindag 3116°6′33″42°44′10″3431.427.58 ± 3.050.59 ± 0.190.27 ± 0.064.32 ± 0.867.80 ± 0.1022.12 ± 3.858.83 ± 0.44130.03 ± 14.14
Otindag 4116°8′48″42°44′50″3451.373.75 ± 0.610.37 ± 0.070.20 ± 0.027.03 ± 1.928.24 ± 0.3324.75 ± 4.136.17 ± 0.1768.30 ± 2.90
Otindag 5116°11′34″42°45′53″3461.324.10 ± 0.470.42 ± 0.050.19 ± 0.023.51 ± 0.578.19 ± 0.1515.77 ± 0.476.33 ± 0.1774.95 ± 11.92
Horqin 1119°13′51″43°6′7″3676.454.26 ± 1.140.36 ± 0.070.21 ± 0.035.27 ± 0.847.66 ± 0.1617.34 ± 1.294.67 ± 0.44118.17 ± 9.29
Horqin 2119°13′52″43°7′47″3666.432.68 ± 0.510.27 ± 0.040.23 ± 0.092.71 ± 0.867.43 ± 0.0516.77 ± 0.995.00 ± 0.7686.59 ± 2.76
Horqin 3119°19′2″43°5′16″3816.272.96 ± 0.440.24 ± 0.030.17 ± 0.025.92 ± 0.607.43 ± 0.1018.80 ± 1.754.50 ± 0.2974.65 ± 7.92
Horqin 4119°34′5″43°10′35″4116.832.74 ± 0.420.31 ± 0.030.15 ± 0.023.93 ± 0.847.55 ± 0.2315.69 ± 0.765.67 ± 0.4465.90 ± 2.74
Horqin 5120°42′52″42°56′26″4397.154.78 ± 0.050.48 ± 0.010.24 ± 0.0112.91 ± 1.228.67 ± 0.25122.50 ± 11.946.67 ± 0.33201.95 ± 62.02
Mu Us 1107°36′1″37°55′31″3078.224.37 ± 0.890.36 ± 0.050.56 ± 0.034.74 ± 1.289.17 ± 0.03159.37 ± 41.414.00 ± 0.5851.20 ± 21.28
Mu Us 2107°32′18″37°58′49″2998.252.25 ± 0.740.28 ± 0.050.32 ± 0.033.63 ± 2.439.31 ± 0.09105.57 ± 19.582.83 ± 0.6721.02 ± 0.54
Mu Us 3107°44′57″37°11′17″3787.448.07 ± 2.600.66 ± 0.150.63 ± 0.105.84 ± 1.459.08 ± 0.0467.23 ± 7.771.83 ± 0.4434.27± 15.57

Table S3

Pearson correlations between soil bacterial phylotyperichness and Faith's phylogenetic diversity and vegetation and edaphic factors"

Phylotype richnessPhylogenetic diversity
SOM0.04-0.08
TN0.100.01
TP-0.35**-0.39**
AP-0.18-0.28*
pH-0.30*-0.19
EC-0.68**-0.70**
PR0.40**0.34**
PB0.35**0.24
MAP0.250.29*
MAT-0.26-0.16

Table S4

Correlations of soil bacterial beta diversity with geographical distance and environment factors as revealed by Mantel test"

Rp
GEODISTANCE0.71<0.001
SOM0.170.040
TN0.160.040
TP0.29<0.001
AP0.180.015
pH0.55<0.001
EC0.36<0.001
PR0.240.002
PB0.210.011
MAP0.32<0.001
MAT0.55<0.001

Table S5

Correlation coefficients between soil bacterial groups and vegetation and soil factors"

GroupsSOMTNTPAPpHECPRPBMAPMAT
Proteobacteria-0.13-0.18-0.160.18-0.140.29*0.240.130.06-0.10
Actinobacteria0.040.00-0.15-0.11-0.40**-0.38**0.000.060.10-0.01
Firmicutes-0.26-0.260.03-0.040.32*0.22-0.06-0.29*-0.27*0.03
Cyanobacteria-0.13-0.080.2-0.170.43**0.05-0.40**-0.37**-0.020.34*
Acidobacteria0.52**0.62**0.27*0.030.16-0.21-0.030.26*0.14-0.04
Bacteroidetes0.140.25-0.040.030.120.01-0.010.200.31*0.11
Gemmatimonadetes0.01-0.01-0.040.04-0.150.020.240.11-0.21-0.36**
Chloroflexi0.090.130.21-0.170.14-0.24-0.090.160.020.02
Verrucomicrobia0.63**0.57**0.160.34**-0.46**-0.060.050.29*-0.35**-0.47**
unidentified_Bacteria0.03-0.060.000.36**-0.31*0.37**0.120.15-0.19-0.34**
Armatimonadetes-0.090.010.050.010.31*0.15-0.090.090.44**0.36**
Nitrospirae0.34*0.37**0.180.36**0.170.41**0.130.41**-0.05-0.16
Rokubacteria0.230.260.11-0.080.160.110.060.11-0.20-0.01
Fibrobacteres-0.26-0.25-0.29*-0.21-0.01-0.28*0.120.070.200.08
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