Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions ›› 2018, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (3): 187-206.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2018.00187

• Articles •    

Tessellons, topography, and glaciations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Stuart A. Harris1,2, HuiJun Jin2, RuiXia He2, SiZhong Yang2   

  1. 1. Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada;
    2. State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soils Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
  • Received:2018-01-18 Revised:2018-03-15 Published:2018-11-22
  • Contact: Stuart A. Harris,harriss@ucalgary.ca;HuiJun Jin,hjjin@lzb.ac.cn E-mail:harriss@ucalgary.ca;hjjin@lzb.ac.cn

Abstract: The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has developed into a vast fortress-like structure that has recently presented a barrier limiting the egress of moisture-bearing air masses. Lower sea levels also affected the climate. This paper examines their effects on the current evidence for the timing of past glaciations, and the development and evolution of permafrost. There are two theories regarding glaciation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Kuhle suggested that there was a major, unified ice-cap during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), whereas major Chinese glaciologists and others have not found or verified reliable evidence for this per se. There have been limited glaciations during the last 1.1 Ma B.P. but with increasing dominance of permafrost including both primary and secondary tessellons infilled with rock, sand or loess. The East Asia Monsoon was absent in this area during the main LGM, starting at >30 ka B.P. on the plateau, with sufficient precipitation reappearing about 19 ka B.P. to produce ice-wedges. A weak Megathermal event took place between 8.5 and 6.0 ka B.P., followed by Neoglacial events exhibiting peak cold at 5.3-4.7 ka, 3.1-1.5 ka, and the Little Ice Age (LIA) after 0.7 ka. Subsequently, mean annual air temperature has increased by 4℃.

Key words: glaciation of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), tessellons, East Asia Monsoon, Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), Neoglaciation, Asian climate change

An CB, Feng ZD, Barton L, 2006. Dry or humid? Mid Holocene humidity changes in arid and semi-arid China. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25(2–4):351-361, DOI:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.03.013.
An ZS, Kutzbach JE, Prell WL, et al., 2001. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature, 411(6833):62-66, DOI:10.1038/35075035.
Aubekerov B, Gorbunov A, 1999. Quaternary permafrost and mountain glaciation in Kazakhstan. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 10(1):65-80, DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1530(199901/03)10:1.
Chang JH, 1957. Air mass maps of China proper and Manchuria. Geography, 42(3):142-148.
Chen JY, Zhang J, Liu X, et al., 1994. Crustal movement and gravity field of the Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) and atmospheric refraction in the Mount Everest and its surrounding area. Chinese Science Bulletin, 39(13):1204-1207.
Cheng J, Jiang MZ, Zan LH, et al., 2005a. Progress in research on the Quaternary geology in the source area of the Yellow River. Geoscience, 19(2):239-246, DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-8527.2005.02.012.
Cheng J, Zhang X, Tian M, et al., 2005b. Ice-wedge casts showing climatic change since the Late Pleistocene in the source area of the Yellow River, northeast Tibet. Journal of Mountain Science, 2(3):193-201, DOI:10.1007/BF02973192.
Cheng J, Zhang XJ, Tian MZ, et al., 2006. Ice-wedge casts discovered in the source area of Yellow River, Northeast Tibetan Plateau and their paleoclimatic implications. Quaternary Sciences, 26(1):92-98, DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2006.01.012.
Cui ZJ, 1980. Periglacial phenomena and environmental reconstructions on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. In:Scientific Papers on Geology for International Exchange. Beijing:Publishing House in Geology, 5:109-117. (in Chinese)
Cui ZJ, 1982. Basic characteristics of periglacial landforms in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Scientia Sinica (Series B), 25(1):79-95, DOI:10.1360/yb1982-25-1-79.
Cui ZJ, Zhao L, Vandenberghe J, et al., 2002. Discovery of ice wedge and sand-wedge networks in Inner Mongolia and Shanxi Province and their environmental significance. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 24(6):708-716, DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0240.2002.06.004.
Cui ZJ, Chen YX, Zhang W, et al., 2011. Research history, glacial chronology and origins of Quaternary glaciations in China. Quaternary Sciences, 31(5):749-764, DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2011.05.01.
De Terra H, Patterson TT, 1939. Studies on the Ice Age in India and Associated Human Cultures. Washington:Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Ehlers J, Gibbard PL, 2008. Extent and chronology of quaternary glaciation. Episodes, 31(2):211-218.
Fairbanks RG, 1989. A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record:influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature, 342(6250):637-642, DOI:10.1038/342637a0.
Fairbridge RW, 1964. African ice-age aridity. In:Nain AEM (ed.). Problems in Palaeoclimatology. London:Interscience Publishers, pp. 356-363.
Fotiev SM, 2009. Siberian geocryological chronicles. Earth Cryosphere, 13(3):3-16.
Gerasimov IP, Zimina RP, 1968. Recent natural landscapes and ancient glaciations of the Pamir. In:Wright HE, Osborn WH (eds.). Arctic and Alpine Environments. Bloomington, Indiana:Indiana University Press, 18:267-269.
Goudie AS, 2007. Mega-yardangs:a global analysis. Geography Compass, 1(1):65-81, DOI:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2006.00003.x.
Guo DX, 1979. Sand wedges in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1(1):51, 73
Han WX, Ma ZB, Lai ZP, et al., 2014. Wind erosion on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau:constraints from OSL and U-Th dating of playa salt crust in the Qaidam Basin. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 39(6):779-789, DOI:10.1002/esp.3483.
Harris SA, 1994. Chronostratigraphy of glaciations and permafrost episodes in the Cordillera of western North America. Progress in Physical Geography, 18(3):366-395, DOI:10.1177/030913339401800305.
Harris SA, Cheng GD, Zhao XF, et al., 1998a. Nature and dynamics of an active block stream, Kunlun Pass, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China. Geografiska Annaler, 80(2):123-133, DOI:10.1111/j.0435-3676.1998.00031.x.
Harris SA, Cui ZJ, Cheng GD, 1998b. Origin of a bouldery diamicton, Kunlun Pass, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, People's Republic of China:gelifluction deposit or Rock Glacier?. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 23(10):943-952, DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199810)23:10.
Harris SA, Jin HJ, 2012. Tessellons and "sand wedges" on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their palaeoenvironmental implications. In:Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Permafrost. Salekhard, Russia, 1, pp. 149-154.
Harris SA, 2013. Climatic change:causal correlations over the last 240 Ma. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 5(3):259-274, DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1226.2013.00259.
Harris SA, Jin HJ, He RX, 2017a. Very large cryoturbation structures of last permafrost maximum age at the foot of Qilian Mountains (NE Tibet Plateau, China):a discussion. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 28(4):757-762, DOI:10.1002/ppp.1942.
Harris SA, Brouchkov A, Cheng GD, 2017b. Geocryology. Boca Raton, FL:CRC Press, pp. 765.
Harrison TM, Copeland P, Kidd WSF, et al., 1992. Raising Tibet. Science, 255(5052):1663-1670, DOI:10.1126/science.255.5052.1663.
He YQ, Yin YY, Zhang DD, et al., 2012. Studies on climate and the glacial system, Mt. Yulong, China. http://projects.upci.ca/climate/files/2012/10/Book-5-Pape-24.pdf.
Hong YT, Wang ZG, Jiang HB, et al., 2001. A 6000-year record of changes in drought and precipitation in northeastern china based on a δ13C time series from peat cellulose. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 185(1–2):111-119, DOI:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00367-8.
Hubberten HW, Andreev A, Astakhov VI, et al., 2004. The periglacial climate and environment in northern Eurasia during the last glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23(11–13):1333-1357, DOI:10.1016/j.quascirev.2003.12.012.
Jia MC, Yuan F, Cheng GD, 1987. First discovery of icewedges in Northeast China. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 9(3):257-260.
Jin HJ, Zhao L, Wang SL, et al., 2006. Evolution of permafrost and environmental changes of cold regions in eastern and interior Qinghai-Tibet-Plateau since the Holocene. Quaternary Sciences, 26(2):198-210, DOI:10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2006.02.007.
Jin HJ, Chang XL, Wang SL, 2007. Evolution of permafrost on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau since the end of the late Pleistocene. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112(F2):F02S09, DOI:10.1029/2006Jf000521.
Jin HJ, Chang XL, Guo DX, et al., 2011. Holocene sand and soil wedges on the South-Central Hulun Buir High Plain in Northeast China. Quaternary Sciences, 31(5):765-779, DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2011.05.02.
Jin HJ, Chang XL, Luo DL, et al., 2016. Evolution of permafrost in Northeast China since the Late Pleistocene. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 8(4):269-296, DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1226.2016.00269.
Kapp P, Pelletier JD, Rohrmann A, et al., 2011. Wind erosion in the Qaidam Basin, central Asia:implications for tectonics, paleoclimate, and the source of the Loess Plateau. GSA Today, 21(4–5):4-10, DOI:10.1130/GSATG99A.1.
Kuhle M, 1988. The Pleistocene glaciation of Tibet and the onset of ice ages—An autocycle hypothesis. GeoJournal, 17(4):581-595, DOI:10.1007/BF00209444.
Kuhle M, 1998. Reconstruction of the 2.4 million km2 Late Pleistocene ice sheet on the Tibetan Plateau and its impact on the global climate. Quaternary International, 45–46:71-108, DOI:10.1016/S1040-6182(97)00008-6.
Kuhle M, 1999. Tibet and High Asia V:results of investigations into high mountain geomorphology, paleo-glaciology and climatology of the Pleistocene. GeoJournal, 47(1–2):3-276.
Kuhle M, 2001. The Tibetan Ice Sheet; its impact on the palaeomonsoon and relation to the Earth's orbital variations. Polarforschung, 71(1–2):1-13.
Kuhle M, 2002. A relief-specific model of the ice age on the basis of uplift-controlled glacier areas in Tibet and the corresponding albedo increase as well as their positive climatological feedback by means of the global radiation geometry. Climate Research, 20(1):1-7, DOI:10.3354/cr020001.
Kuhle M, 2004. The high glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) ice cover in high and central Asia. In:Ehlers J, Gibbard PL (eds.). Development of Quaternary Science 2c. (Quaternary Glaciation-Extent and Chronology, Part Ⅲ:South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica. Amsterdam:Elsevier B.V., pp. 175-199.
Li SJ, Chen W, Jiang YJ, et al., 2012. Geological records for Holocene climatic and environmental changes derived from glacial, periglacial and lake sediments on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Quaternary Sciences, 32(1):151-157, DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2012.01.16.
Li YN, Li YK, 2014. Topographic and geometric controls on glacier changes in the central Tien Shan, China, since the Little Ice Age. Annals of Glaciology, 55(66):177-186, DOI:10.3189/2014AoG66A031.
Lisiecki LE, Raymo ME, 2005. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 20(1):PA1003, DOI:10.1029/2004PA001071.
Liu B, Jin HL, Sun Z, et al., 2012. Geochemical evidences of dry climate in the Mid-Holocene in Gonghe Basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Sciences in Cold and Arid Environments, 4(6):472-483, DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1226.2012.00472.
Liu B, Jin HL, Sun LJ, et al., 2013. Holocene climatic change revealed by Aeolian deposits from the Gonghe Basin, northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary International, 296:231-240, DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.003.
Liu XJ, Lai ZP, 2012. Optical dating of sand wedges and ice-wedge casts from Qinghai Lake area on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its palaeoenvironmental implications. Boreas, 42(2):333-341, DOI:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2012.00288.x.
Liu YY, Jiang DB, 2016. Mid-Holocene permafrost:results from CMIP5 simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmosphere, 121(1):221-240, DOI:10.1002/2015JD023837.
Liu ZC, Liu ZZ, Wang FB, 1962. Comparison of quaternary glacial development of Mount Qomolangma, Hantengri and near Mount Tuangji of Qilian Mountains. Acta Geographica Sinica, 28(1):19-33, DOI:10.11821/xb196201002.
Ma WL, 1998. The History of Qinghai Province and Qinghai Lake. Xining:Qinghai People's Press, pp. 36. (in Chinese)
Madsen DB, Haizhou M, Rhode D, et al., 2008. Age constraints on the late Quaternary evolution of Qinghai Lake, Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Research, 69(2):316-325, DOI:10.1016/j.yqres.2007.10.013.
Meyer C, Lambrecht A, Oerter H, et al., 2014. Accumulation studies at a high elevation glacier site in Central Karakoram. Advances in Meteorology, 2014:215162, DOI:10.1155/2014/215162.
Molengraaff GAF, 1921. Modern deep-sea research in the East Indian archipelago. The Geographical Journal, 57(2):95-118, DOI:10.2307/1781559.
Molengraaff GAF, Weber M, 1921. On the relation between the Pleistocene glacial period and the origin of the Sunda Sea (Java and South China-Sea), and its influence on the distribution of coral reefs and on the land- and freshwater fauna. Verslag Van der Gewone Vergaderingen der Wis-En Naturkungdige Afdeeling, 23(1):394-439.
Molnar P, England P, Martinod J, 1993. Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian monsoon. Reviews of Geophysics, 31(4):357-396, DOI:10.1029/93RG02030.
Oldham RD, Wollaston AFR, Binney FG, et al., 1925. Observations on the rocks and glaciers of Mount Everest. The Geographical Journal, 66(4):313-315, DOI:10.2307/1782943.
Owen LA, Robinson R, Benn DI, et al., 2009. Quaternary glaciation of Mount Everest. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28(15–16):1412-1433, DOI:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.010.
Pan BT, Chen FH, 1997. Permafrost evolution in the Northeastern Qinghai - Tibetan Plateau during the last 150,000 years. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 19(2):124-132.
Porter SC, Singhvi A, An ZS, et al., 2001. Luminescence age and palaeoenvironmental implications of a late Pleistocene ground wedge on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 12(2):203-210, DOI:10.1002/ppp.386.
Qiang XK, An ZS, Song YS, et al., 2011. New eolian red clay sequence on the western Chinese Loess Plateau linked to onset of Asian desertification about 25 Ma ago. Science China Earth Sciences, 54(1):136-144, DOI:10.1007/s11430-010-4126-5.
Rea DK, Snoeck H, Joseph LH, 1998. Late Cenozoic eolian deposition in the North Pacific:Asian drying, Tibetan uplift, and cooling of the Northern Hemisphere. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 13(3):215-224, DOI:10.1029/98PA00123.
Ren SM, Liu YJ, Ge XH, 2009. Abrupt uplift of Tibetan Plateau at the end of early Pleistocene and Australasian impact event. Global Geology, 12(3):145-155, DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-9736.2009.03.04.
Rhode D, Ma HZ, Madsen DB, et al., 2010. Paleoenvironmental and archaeological investigations at Qinghai Lake, western China:geomorphic and chronometric evidence of lake level history. Quaternary International, 218(1–2):29-44, DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.03.004.
Robert S, 2012. Tibet, Monsoons and the vegetation of Asia:when did the Plateau attain its present elevation?. Palynological Society of Japan, 58(S):221-222.
Sathiamurthy E, Voris HK, 2006. Maps of Holocene sea level transgression and submerged lakes on the Sunda Shelf. The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University, Supplement 2:1-44.
Shackleton NJ, Hall MA, Pate D, 1995. Pliocene stable isotope stratigraphy of site 846. In:Pisas NG, Mayer CA, Janecek TR, et al. (eds.). Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results. College Station, TX:Ocean Drilling Program, 138:337-353.
Shan PF, 1996. The first discovery of ice wedges of the Last Ice Age in the northeast margin of the Tengger Desert and their significance. Chinese Science Bulletin, 41(2):160-163.
Shao XM, Ling EY, Huang L, et al., 2006. A reconstructed precipitation series over the past millennium in the northeastern Qaidam Basin. Advances in Climate Change Research, 2(3):122-126, DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-1719.2006.03.006.
Shen J, Liu XQ, Wang SM, et al., 2005. Palaeoclimatic changes in the Qinghai Lake area during the last 18,000 years. Quaternary International, 136(1):131-140, DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.11.014.
Shi YF, Li JJ, Zheng BX, 1979. The uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and its effect on China during the Ice Age. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1(1):6-11.
Shi YF, Zheng BX, Li SJ, 1990. Last glaciation and maximum glaciation in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau-A controversy to M. Kuhle Ice Sheet Hypothesis. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 12(1):1-16.
Shi YF, Zheng BX, Yao TD, 1997. Glaciers and environments during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) on the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 19(2):97-113.
Shi YF, Cui ZJ, Su Z, 2006. The Quaternary Glaciations and Environmental Variations in China. Shijiazhuang:Hebei Science & Technology Press, pp. 134-138.
Shi YF, Zhao JD, Wang J, 2011. New Understanding of Quaternary Glaciations in China. Shanghai:Shanghai Popular Science Press, pp. 130-135. (in Chinese)
Su ZZ, Ma YJ, 1997. The discovery of palaeo-eolian sand formed in the Last Glacial Maximum and environmental evolution in the Northwest of Shanxi. Journal of Desert Research, 17(4):389-394.
Tarasov P, Bezrukova E, Karabanov E, et al., 2007. Vegetation and climate dynamics during the Holocene and Eemian interglacials derived from Lake Baikal pollen records. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 252(3–4):440-457, DOI:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.002.
Tarasov PE, Bezrukova EV, Krivonogov SK, 2009. Late glacial and Holocene changes in vegetation cover and climate in Southern Siberia derived from a 15 kyr long pollen record from Lake Kotokel. Climate of the Past, 5(3):285-295, DOI:10.5194/cp-5-285-2009.
Thiede J, Bauch HA, Hjort C, et al., 2001. The late Quaternary stratigraphy and environments of northern Eurasia and the adjacent Arctic seas - new contributions from QUEEN. Global and Planetary Change, 31(1–4):vii-x, DOI:10.1016/S0921-8181(01)00109-6.
Thompson LG, Yao T, Davis ME, et al., 1997. Tropical climate instability:the last glacial cycle from a Qinghai-Tibetan ice core. Science, 276(5320):1821-1825, DOI:10.1126/science.276.5320.1821.
Tong BL, 1993. Ice wedges in Northeastern China. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 15(1):41-46.
Tu CW, 1939. Chinese air mass properties. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 65(278):33-51, DOI:10.1002/qj.49706527806.
Vandenberghe J, Cui ZJ, Zhao L, et al., 2004. Thermal-contraction-crack networks as evidence for Late-Pleistocene permafrost in Inner Mongolia, China. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 15(1):21-29, DOI:10.1002/ppp.476.
Vandenberghe J, French HM, Gorbunov A, et al., 2014. The Last Permafrost Maximum (LPM) map of the northern Hemisphere:permafrost extent and mean annual air temperatures, 25-17?ka BP. Boreas, 43(3):652-666, DOI:10.1111/bor.12070.
Vandenberghe J, Wang X, Vandenburghe D, 2016. Very large cryoturbation structures of last permafrost maximum age at the foot of the Qilian Mountains (NE Tibet Plateau, China). Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 27(1):138-143, DOI:10.1002/ppp.1847.
Voris HK, 2000. Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia:shorelines, river systems and time durations. Journal of Biogeography, 27(5):1153-1167, DOI:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00489.x.
Wang CW, Hong HL, Li ZH, et al., 2013. Climatic and tectonic evolution in the North Qaidam since the Cenozoic:evidence from sedimentology and mineralogy. Journal of Earth Science, 24(3):314-327, DOI:10.1007/s12583-013-0332-3.
Wang NA, Qiang Z, Li JJ, et al., 2003. The sand wedges of the last ice age in the Hexi Corridor, China:paleoclimatic interpretation. Geomorphology, 51(41):313-320, DOI:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00243-X.
Wang YJ, Cheng H, Edwards RL, et al., 2001. A high-resolution absolute-dated Late Pleistocene Monsoon record from Hulu Cave, China. Science, 294(5550):2345-2348, DOI:10.1126/science.1064618.
Washburn AL, 1979. Geocryology- A Survey of Periglacial Processes and Environments. London:Edward Arnold, pp. 406.
Wehner B, Birmili W, Ditas F, et al., 2008. Relationships between submicrometer particulate air pollution and air mass history in Beijing, China, 2004–2006. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 8(20):6155-6168, DOI:10.5194/acp-8-6155-2008.
Xu CJ, Liu JN, Song CH, et al., 2000. GPS measurements of present-day uplift in the Southern Tibet. Earth, Planets and Space, 52(10):735-739, DOI:10.1186/BF03352274.
Xu SY, Zhang WX, Xu DX, et al., 1984. Discussion on the periglacial development in the northeast marginal region of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 6(2):15-25.
Yang SZ, Jin HJ, 2011. δ18O and δD records of inactive ice wedge in Yitulihe, Northeastern China and their paleoclimatic implications. Science China Earth Sciences, 54(1):119-126, DOI:10.1007/s11430-010-4029-5.
Yang SZ, Cao XY, Jin HJ, 2015. Validation of ice-wedge isotopes at Yituli'he, Northeastern China as climate proxy. Boreas, 44(3):502-510, DOI:10.1111/bor.12121.
Yin A, Rumelhart PE, Butler R, et al., 2002. Tectonic history of the Altyn Tagh fault system in northern Tibet inferred from Cenozoic sedimentation. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 114(10):1257-1295, DOI:10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114.
Yu LP, Lai ZP, 2012. OSL chronology and palaeoclimatic implications of aeolian sediments in the eastern Qaidam Basin of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 337–338:120-129, DOI:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.04.004.
Yu LP, Lai ZP, An P, 2013. OSL chronology and paleoclimatic implications of paleodunes in the middle and southwestern Qaidam Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 5(2):211-219, DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1226.2013.00211.
Yu YY, Cai M, Ren RC, et al., 2015. Relationship between warm airmass transport into the upper polar atmosphere and cold air outbreaks in winter. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 72(1):349-368, DOI:10.1175/JAS-D-14-0111.1.
Zeng YF, 2006. Environmental changes and cultural transition at Late Holocene in Qaidam Basin. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 20(2):61-64, DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-7578.2006.02.012.
Zhang GS, Kang SC, Fujita K, et al., 2013. Energy and mass balance of Zhadang glacier surface, central Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Glaciology, 59(213):137-148, DOI:10.3189/2013JoG12J152.
Zhang QS, 1991. The problem of uplift rate of the Tibetan Plateau. Chinese Science Bulletin, 36(7):529-531.
Zhang Z, 1987. The map of the recent vertical crustal deformation rate in China. In:Chinese National Report on Geodesy Presented to the 19th General Assembly of IUGG, Vancouver:IUGG.
Zhang Z, Yuan BY, Petit MN, 1998. Paleoenvironments in China during the Last Glacial maximum and Holocene Optimum. Episodes, 21(3):152-158.
Zhao JD, Liu SL, Wang J, et al., 2010. Glacial advances and ESR chronology of the Pochengzi glaciation, Tianshan Mountains, China. Science China Earth Sciences, 53(3):403-410, DOI:10.1007/s11430-009-0109-9.
Zhao L, Jin HJ, Li CC, et al., 2014. The extent of permafrost in China during the local Last Glacial Maximum (LLGM). Boreas, 43(3):688-698, DOI:10.1111/bor.12049.
Zheng BX, 1989. The influence of Himalayan uplift on the development of Quaternary glaciers. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N.F. Supplementband, 76:89-115.
Zheng BX, Qu JJ, Shen YP, et al., 2012. Feathery faults formation in Kumtagh Desert:Bayiquan tectonic movement and its relationship among Qinghai-Tibet Plateau uplift and climate change. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 34(3):591-596.
Zheng BX, Shen YP, Jiao KQ, et al., 2014. New progress and problems of Quaternary moraine dating in the Tibetan Plateau. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 6(3):183-189, DOI:10.3724/SP.J.1226.2014.00183.
Zheng DW, Zhang PZ, Wan JL, et al., 2003. Late Cenozoic deformation sbsequence in northeastern margin of Tibet—Detrital AFT records from Linxia Basin. Science China (Series D), 46:266-275.
Zhou YW, Qui GQ, Cheng GD, et al., 2000. Frozen Ground in China. Beijing:Science Press.
No related articles found!
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!