Simulating the effect of wind erosion on aeolian desertification process of Horqin sandy land and its significance on material cycle: a wind tunnel study

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1226.2022.21021.

Abstract

Abstract:

Samples from the Horqin sandy land were exposed to a series of wind velocities, and sink particles were collected at the end of the diffusion section of a wind tunnel. Grain sizes of collected samples show great variation because of the granularity difference of the surface samples. The original samples show lower average content of SiO₂ and higher average content of Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, MgO, CaO, Na₂O, and K₂O than collected samples. Compared with other dust source areas in China, the Horqin sandy land had higher content of Zr, Ba, SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and K₂O. Compared with the average upper continental crust (UCC) composition, surface samples were rich in the content of Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, La, Nd. Geochemistry characteristics of fine grain components of the Horqin sandy land differ from those from other dust source regions, because fine-grained particles in the Horqin sandy land were mostly derived from various local deposits formed in its unique depositional environments influenced by several tectonic activities.

Key words: sink sand, wind erosion, aeolian process, Horqin sandy land

CaiXia Zhang,JinChang Li. Simulating the effect of wind erosion on aeolian desertification process of Horqin sandy land and its significance on material cycle: a wind tunnel study[J].Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2022, 14(1): 43-53.

Figures/Tables 13

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Table 1

Table 2

Figure 4

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

The minor elements of different parts of sink samples (to be continued:)"

	P	Ti	V	Cr	Mn	Co	Ni	Cu	Ga	As
K11.1OS	217.8	1,601.6	20.1	17.2	206.9	13.9	23.4	3.6	9.7	5.0
K11.1>63 μm	220.6	1,454.3	20.4	13.7	195.6	16.3	32.0	5.8	10.4	6.6
K11.1<63 μm	504.1	6,179.3	60.9	66.3	503.0	8.6	12.5	0.6	9.0	7.1
K11.2OS	186.7	1,606.3	21.3	15.6	203.4	13.0	20.6	4.3	10.0	4.9
K11.2>63 μm	165.2	1,340.5	24.0	10.7	186.9	13.5	15.3	4.6	9.2	3.7
K11.2<63 μm	420.1	5,414.1	55.4	51.3	460.4	8.5	12.1	1.7	9.0	8.7
K11.4OS	186.5	1,186.1	16.9	9.8	157.9	16.1	26.3	5.2	10.2	6.2
K11.4>63 μm	178.1	1,121.3	18.0	9.2	152.5	16.5	23.2	4.4	10.4	5.6
K11.4<63 μm	438.3	8,355.3	64.7	81.5	633.7	9.1	10.2	/	6.3	7.0
K4.5OS	352.8	2,272.2	38.0	27.8	334.3	7.5	22.6	7.9	11.6	7.4
K4.5>63 μm	332.9	2,098.8	39.8	24.5	313.0	7.2	24.8	8.4	12.6	7.9
K4.5<63 μm	628.9	4,002.3	56.2	55.5	443.7	8.7	14.3	7.0	10.9	5.5
K5.5OS	193.5	855.3	9.9	11.0	108.0	15.2	26.8	2.9	7.1	4.3
K5.5<63 μm	545.5	3,309.1	39.0	36.1	353.9	8.3	8.2	2.5	9.4	2.3
K5.5>63 μm	215.8	723.3	7.1	8.5	98.2	17.7	43.0	5.8	7.9	6.7
K6.1OS	182.4	676.9	9.5	6.2	95.1	16.7	25.8	3.3	7.4	3.9
K6.1>63 μm	226.5	610.4	7.8	8.3	85.3	16.8	42.3	5.1	8.1	6.3
K6.1<63 μm	678.4	3,418.6	41.1	38.1	369.5	8.0	9.0	5.6	10.6	2.2
K6.3OS	208.0	639.0	8.3	8.3	91.3	17.1	41.8	3.8	8.2	6.7
K6.3>63 μm	266.4	560.0	6.3	9.2	76.2	19.3	55.7	4.1	8.3	9.4
K6.3<63 μm	623.5	3,971.8	48.5	51.5	387.1	8.4	7.9	2.8	9.3	1.3
Ave. of original samples	218.2	1,262.5	17.7	13.7	171.0	14.2	26.8	4.4	9.2	5.5
Ave. of >63 μm	229.3	1,129.8	17.6	12.0	158.2	15.3	33.8	5.5	9.5	6.6
Ave. of <63 μm	548.4	4,950.1	52.2	54.3	450.2	8.50	10.6	3.4	9.2	4.9
	Rb	Sr	Y	Zr	Nb	Ba	La	Ce	Nd
K11.1OS	92.2	133.3	9.9	219.1	5.3	621.6	11.5	54.6	9.3
K11.1>63 μm	97.7	137.4	10.7	198.9	5.9	596.0	25.2	63.1	4.7
K11.1<63 μm	93.0	216.6	38.1	1845.1	17.6	567.7	58.4	60.9	32.4
K11.2OS	98.9	139.2	11.1	250.5	6.4	599.5	20.8	59.5	7.3
K11.2>63 μm	98.3	134.7	9.7	164.6	5.3	602.5	13.1	55.1	6.5
K11.2<63 μm	102.8	236.7	40.4	2061.5	21.5	587.9	45.9	39.3	28.0
K11.4OS	101.3	136.9	8.6	145.1	5.2	627.4	5.2	58.2	7.9
K11.4>63 μm	99.9	134.5	7.9	124.6	4.7	621.8	16.6	57.2	4.5
K11.4<63 μm	93.7	222.2	47.3	2684.1	23.0	547.4	55.6	58.5	40.8
K4.5OS	93.7	189.7	13.8	248.3	7.2	637.2	22.9	51.7	15.9
K4.5>63 μm	98.6	192.6	13.7	214.1	7.0	655.0	21.5	58.3	13.7
K4.5<63 μm	89.9	236.0	21.9	657.6	10.9	593.5	37.1	58.6	19.2
K5.5OS	73.6	101.6	7.3	115.2	4.0	582.7	11.8	53.9	10.6
K5.5<63 μm	87.8	193.1	19.3	711.7	8.9	612.4	25.3	55.1	19.0
K5.5>63 μm	74.4	101.3	7.1	96.7	4.0	575.9	6.8	49.4	8.6
K6.1QY	71.9	98.1	6.6	68.4	3.4	540.3	11.2	59.2	7.4
K6.1>63 μm	70.4	93.9	6.2	62.5	3.6	522.1	14.2	42.1	2.3
K6.1<63 μm	84.3	182.4	16.4	357.3	7.5	610.6	29.4	41.7	15.6
K6.3QY	69.8	94.6	6.3	67.3	4.1	539.5	10.5	48.3	3.2
K6.3>63 μm	68.0	88.2	5.9	54.6	4.1	521.6	12.0	20.7	7.0
K6.3<63 μm	73.0	164.5	16.4	365.7	6.8	601.0	26.4	56.2	15.9
Ave. of original samples	85.9	127.6	9.1	159.1	5.1	592.6	13.4	55.1	8.8
Ave. of >63 μm	86.7	126.1	8.8	130.9	4.9	585.0	15.6	49.4	6.8
Ave. of <63 μm	89.2	207.4	28.6	1240.4	13.8	588.7	39.7	52.9	24.4

Table 5

Table 6

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

References 0

	Avecilla F , Panebianco JE , Buschiazzo DE , 2015. Variable effects of saltation and soil properties on wind erosion of different textured soils. Aeolian Research, 18: 145-153. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.07.005 . doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2015.07.005
	Avecilla F , Panebianco JE , Buschiazzo DE , et al. , 2018. A study on the fragmentation of saltating particles along the fetch distance during wind erosion. Aeolian Research, 35: 85-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2018.10.003 . doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2018.10.003
	Bagnold RA , 1941. The Physics of Wind Blown Sand and Desert Dunes. Methuen, London.
	Bullard JE , Mctainsh GH , Pudmenzky C , 2004. Aeolian abrasion and modes of fine particle production from natural red dune sands: an experimental study. Blackwell Science Ltd, 51: 1103-1125. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00662.x . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00662.x
	Chen SP , Lu CH , McQueen J , et al. , 2018a. Application of satellite observations in conjunction with aerosol reanalysis to characterize long-range transport of African and Asian dust on air quality in the contiguous U.S. Atmosphere Environment, 187: 174-195. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.038 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.05.038
	Chen SY , Jiang NX , Huang JP , et al. , 2018b. Quantifying contributions of natural and anthropogenic dust emission from different climatic regions. Atmosphere Environment,191: 94-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.043 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.07.043
	Cheng H , Zhang K , Liu C , et al. , 2018. Wind tunnel study of airflow recovery on the lee side of single plants. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 263: 362-372. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.08.025 . doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.08.025
	Cheng JJ , Lei JQ , Li SY , et al. , 2016. Disturbance of the inclined inserting-type sand fence to wind-sand flow fields and its sand control characteristics. Aeolian Research, 21: 139-150. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.04.008 . doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2016.04.008
	Dong GR , Jin J , Li BS , et al. , 1994. Several problems on the desertification of Horqin sandy land, Northeast China-A case study on its South area. Journal of Desert Research, 14: 1-9.
	Dong ZB , Liu XP , Wang HT , et al. , 2003. The flux profile of a blowing sand cloud: a wind tunnel investigation. Geomorphology, 49(3): 219-230. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00170-8 . doi: 10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00170-8
	Dong ZB , Liu XP , Wang XM , 2002. Aerodynamic roughness of gravel surfaces. Geomorphology, 43:17-31. DOI: 10. 1016/S0169-555X(01)00097-6 . doi: 10. 1016/S0169-555X(01)00097-6
	Dong ZB , Qian GQ , 2007. Characterizing the height profile of the flux of wind-eroded sediment. Environmental Geology, 51(5): 835-845. DOI: 10.1007/s00254-006-0363-5 . doi: 10.1007/s00254-006-0363-5
	Dong ZB , Luo WY , Qian GQ , et al. , 2010. A wind tunnel simulation of the turbulence fields behind upright porous wind fences. Journal of Arid Environment, 74: 193-207. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.03.015 . doi: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.03.015
	Faraji M , Pourpak Z , Naddafi K , et al. , 2018. Effects of airborne particulate matter (PM10) from dust storm and thermal inversion on global DNA methylation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro. Atmosphere Environment,195: 170-178. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.09.042 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.09.042
	Folk RL , Ward WC , 1957. Brazos river bar: A study in the signification of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 27(1): 3-26. DOI: 10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D . doi: 10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
	Iturri LA , Funk R , Leue M , et al. , 2017. Wind sorting affects differently the organo-mineral composition of saltating and particulate materials in contrasting texture agricultural soils. Aeolian Research, 28: 39-49. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia. 2017.07.005 . doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia. 2017.07.005
	Jia WR , Zhang CL , Zou XY , et al. , 2019. Effects of ridge height and spacing on the near-surface airflow field and on wind erosion of a sandy soil: Results of a wind tunnel study. Soil & Tillage Research, 186: 94-104. DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2018.10.005 . doi: 10.1016/j.still.2018.10.005
	Kurosaki Y , Shinoda M , Mikami M , 2011. What caused a recent increase in dust outbreaks over East Asia? Geophysical Research Letter, 38(11): L11702. DOI: 10.1029/2011GL047494 . doi: 10.1029/2011GL047494
	Li B , Sherman DJ , 2015. Aerodynamics and morphodynamics of sand fences: A review. Aeolian Research, 17: 33-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.11.005 . doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.11.005
	Li G , Zhang J , Herrmann HJ , et al. , 2020. Study of aerodynamic grain entrainment in aeolian transport. Geophysical Research Letters, 47(11): e2019GL086574. DOI: 10.1029/2019GL086574 . doi: 10.1029/2019GL086574
	Li XL , Zhang HS , 2016. A study of determining dust emission thresholds over the Horqin sandy land area in Inner Mongolia. Acta. Meteorologica Sinica, 74: 76-88.
	Liu B , Wagner LE , Ning D , et al. , 2017. Estimation of wind erosion from construction of a railway in arid Northwest China. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 5: 102-108. DOI: info:doi/10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.04.005 . doi: info:doi/10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.04.005
	Liu J , Kimura R , 2018. Wind speed characteristics and blown sand flux over a gravel surface in a compact wind tunnel. Aeolian Research, 35: 39-46. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2018. 09.005 . doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2018. 09.005
	Liu MX , Wang JA , Yan P , et al. , 2006. Wind tunnel simulation of ridge-tillage effects on soil erosion from cropland. Soil & Tillage Research, 90: 242-249. DOI: 10.1016/j.still. 2005.10.005 . doi: 10.1016/j.still. 2005.10.005
	Miri A , Dragovich D , Dong ZB , 2018. The response of live plants to airflow-Implication for reducing erosion. Aeolian Research, 33: 93-105. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2018.06.002 . doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2018.06.002
	Miri A , Dragovich D , Dong ZB , 2018. Wind-borne sand mass flux in vegetated surfaces-Wind tunnel experiments with live plants. Catena, 172: 421-434. DOI: 10.1016/j.catena. 2018.09.006 . doi: 10.1016/j.catena. 2018.09.006
	O'Brien P , McKenna NC , 2012. A wind tunnel study of particle kinematics during crust rupture and erosion. Geomorphology, 173-174: 149-160. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.06.005 . doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.06.005
	Pi H , Sharratt B , 2017. Evaluation of the RWEQ and SWEEP in simulating soil and PM10 loss from a portable wind tunnel. Soil & Tillage Research, 170: 94-103. DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2017.03.007 . doi: 10.1016/j.still.2017.03.007
	Pi H , Sharratt B , Schillinger WF , et al. , 2018. Wind erosion potential of a winter wheat-summer fallow rotation after land application of biosolids. Aeolian Research, 32: 53-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2018.01.009 . doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2018.01.009
	Qin XG , Liu JQ , Qiu SW , et al. , 2010. Development and evolution of Horqin sandy land and ancient hydrological networks. Quaternary Sciences, 30: 80-95. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2010.01.08 . doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7410.2010.01.08
	Richon C , Dutay JC , Dulac F , et al. , 2018. Modeling the impacts of atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and desert dust-derived phosphorus on nutrients and biological budgets of the Mediterranean Sea. Progress in Oceanography, 163: 21-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2017.04.009 . doi: 10.1016/j.pocean.2017.04.009
	Robichaud PR , Jennewein J , Sharratt BS , et al. , 2017. Evaluating the effectiveness of agricultural mulches for reducing post-wildfire wind erosion. Aeolian Research, 27: 13-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2017.05.001 . doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2017.05.001
	Schweitzer MD , Calzadilla AS , Salamo O , et al. , 2018. Lung health in era of climate change and dust storms. Environmental Resarch, 163: 36-42. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018. 02.001 . doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018. 02.001
	Shen Y , Zhang C , Wang X , et al. , 2018. Statistical characteristics of wind erosion events in the erosion area of Northern China. Catena, 167: 399-410. DOI: 10.1016/j.catena. 2018.05.020 . doi: 10.1016/j.catena. 2018.05.020
	Silva FC , Borrego C , Keizer JJ , et al. , 2015. Effects of moisture content on wind erosion thresholds of biochar. Atmosphere Environment, 123: 121-128. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.070 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.070
	Sweeney MR , McDonald EV , Markley CE , 2013. Alluvial sediment or playas: what is the dominant source of sand and silt in desert soil vesicular A horizons, southwest USA. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 118: 257-275. DOI: 10.1002/jgrf.20030 . doi: 10.1002/jgrf.20030
	Wang HB , Jia XP , Li K , et al. , 2015. Horizontal wind erosion flux and potential dust emission in arid and semiarid regions of China: A major source area for East Asia dust storms. Catena, 133: 373-384. DOI:10.1016/j.catena.2015.06.011 . doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2015.06.011
	Wang L , Shi ZH , Wu GL , et al. , 2014. Freeze/thaw and soil moisture effects on wind erosion. Geomorphology, 207: 141-148. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.10.032 . doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.10.032
	Wang T , Qu JJ , Ling YQ , et al. , 2018. Shelter effect efficacy of sand fences: A comparison of systems in a wind tunnel. Aeolian Research, 30: 32-40. DOI: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2017. 11.004 . doi: 10.1016/j.aeolia.2017. 11.004
	Wang XM , Hua T , Zhang CX , et al. , 2012. Aeolian salts in Gobi deserts of the western region of Inner Mongolia: Gone with the dust aerosols. Atmosphere Environment, 118: 1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.003 . doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.003
	Wang XM , Lang LL , Hua T , et al. , 2018. The effects of sorting by aeolian processes on the geochemical characteristics of surface materials: a wind tunnel experiment. Frontiers of Earth Science, 12(1): 86-94. DOI: 10.1007/s11707-017-0619-2 . doi: 10.1007/s11707-017-0619-2
	Wang XM , Lou JP , Ma WY , et al. , 2017. The impact of reclamation on aeolian desertification of four species in the Otindag Desert, China. Catena, 157: 189-194. DOI: 10. 1016/j.catena.2017.05.024 . doi: 10. 1016/j.catena.2017.05.024
	Zhang CX , Wang XM , Dong ZB , et al. , 2017a. Aeolian process of the dried-up riverbeds of the Hexi Corridor, China: a wind tunnel experiment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6132-y . doi: 10.1007/s10661-017-6132-y
	Zhang J , Teng ZJ , Huang N , et al. , 2016. Surface renewal as a significant mechanism for dust emission. Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics, 16: 15517-15528. DOI: 10.5194/acp-2016-421 . doi: 10.5194/acp-2016-421
	Zhang ZC , Dong ZB , Zhang CX , et al. , 2017b. The geochemical characteristics of dust material and dust sources identification in northwestern China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 175: 148-155. DOI: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.006 . doi: 10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.11.006
	Zhou Y , Yang XP , Zhang DG , et al. , 2021. Sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of sediments and their potential correlations to the processes of desertification along the Keriya River in the Taklamakan Desert, western China. Geomorphology, 375: 107560. DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph. 2020.107560 . doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph. 2020.107560

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

Comments

Recommended 0

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Item	Clay(<3.9)	Fine silt(3.9,31)	Coarse silt(31,63)	Very fine sand(63,125)	Fine sand(125,250)	Medium sand(250,500)	Coarse sand(>500)	Φ(Mz)
k1.5OS	0.38	1.47	0.00	14.22	59.76	24.07	0.10	2.07
k1.5TS	0.00	0.00	0.00	10.85	59.48	29.47	0.21	2.14
k11.1OS	2.04	3.69	7.62	40.09	39.32	7.23	0.01	2.31
k11.1TS	3.45	4.62	3.27	35.92	43.74	8.89	0.11	2.42
k11.2OS	5.01	6.72	9.61	38.64	34.73	5.30	0.00	2.98
k11.2TS	1.67	2.44	2.63	35.19	47.66	10.38	0.03	2.86
k11.4OS	0.95	1.38	2.46	44.03	48.11	3.08	0.00	3.09
k11.4TS	1.26	1.36	0.81	35.91	55.06	5.60	0.00	3.30
k2.3OS	0.43	0.64	0.57	2.81	32.99	53.21	9.35	2.85
k2.3TS	0.00	0.00	0.00	5.70	41.44	46.58	6.28	2.99
k3.4OS	1.47	2.68	5.64	8.30	37.29	40.84	3.78	1.96
k3.4TS	0.00	0.47	0.31	6.86	47.28	41.71	3.37	1.81
k4.5OS	8.54	13.47	17.22	39.54	20.01	1.22	0.00	2.09
k4.5TS	5.88	9.52	9.88	38.75	31.80	4.16	0.00	2.22
k5.1OS	0.00	0.00	0.60	7.42	34.86	46.96	10.16	3.52
k5.1TS	0.15	0.31	0.00	3.78	29.21	51.90	14.65	4.42
k5.5OS	0.33	1.38	1.95	9.89	47.54	37.54	1.38	1.72
k5.5TS	0.15	0.73	0.62	7.20	44.18	43.77	3.36	1.90
k6.1OS	0.51	1.99	2.44	1.28	35.76	53.36	4.66	2.07
k6.1TS	0.32	1.11	1.78	3.08	40.46	48.55	4.71	2.22
k6.3OS	0.25	1.16	0.87	1.26	38.82	53.33	4.29	1.96
k6.3TS	0.11	1.11	1.53	2.61	42.60	48.97	3.06	1.90
k7.2OS	0.70	1.28	4.23	8.02	46.57	38.70	0.50	1.98
k7.2TS	0.07	0.29	0.00	4.21	53.15	41.95	0.33	1.90
k7.4OS	0.00	0.20	0.89	2.12	45.51	50.43	0.85	2.11
k7.4TS	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.10	46.85	51.44	0.61	2.23
k8.5OS	0.00	0.00	0.00	3.46	48.94	45.54	2.06	1.98
k8.5TS	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.50	46.36	46.43	2.71	2.00
k9.5OS	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.81	51.92	47.12	0.15	2.02
k9.5TS	0.00	0.00	0.00	3.84	59.38	36.58	0.20	2.04
k1.4OS	0.00	0.07	0.12	6.75	51.21	41.26	0.57	2.17
k1.4TS	0.00	0.00	0.00	4.45	49.66	45.05	0.84	2.03
Ave. of original samples	1.21	2.13	3.19	13.45	39.61	32.31	2.23	2.17
Ave. of sink samples	0.77	1.29	1.23	12.00	43.43	33.03	2.38	2.26

Samples	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	MgO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O
Avg. of original samples	85.52	7.90	0.89	0.24	0.67	1.48	2.82
Avg. of sink samples	86.42	7.49	0.77	0.20	0.58	1.37	2.75
T	-2.241	4.124	4.058	4.448	4.650	4.735	2.500
Significance	0.042	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.025

Samples	P	Ti	V	Cr	Mn	Ni	Cu	Ga	As
Avg. of original samples	159.3	1,251.2	17.0	14.7	208.4	24.0	7.1	8.9	4.7
Avg. of sink samples	196.8	1,020.0	13.4	11.2	135.8	29.1	4.0	8.6	5.4
T	-4.446	4.569	4.358	4.326	12.385	-2.441	7.940	1.284	-1.920
Significance	0.001	0.000	0.001	0.001	0.000	0.029	0.000	0.220	0.075
Samples	Rb	Sr	Y	Zr	Nb	Ba	La	Ce	Nd
Avg. of original samples	87.7	127.8	8.9	173.1	5.4	589.5	20.2	90.5	11.8
Avg. of sink samples	82.9	117.4	8.1	131.7	4.6	586.2	11.0	54.9	7.1
T	5.942	4.140	2.757	3.638	1.856	0.680	5.549	11.507	4.193
Significance	0.000	0.001	0.015	0.003	0.085	0.508	0.000	0.000	0.001

	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	MgO	CaO	Na₂O	K₂O
K11.1OS	82.71	9.23	1.11	0.31	0.77	1.81	3.20
K11.1>63 μm	83.11	8.68	1.04	0.26	0.71	1.68	3.05
K11.1<63 μm	59.39	12.38	2.65	1.06	1.82	2.20	2.46
K11.2OS	82.78	9.26	1.08	0.30	0.75	1.81	3.24
K11.2>63 μm	81.77	9.18	1.00	0.28	0.70	1.79	3.14
K11.2<63 μm	59.87	12.36	2.27	0.98	1.64	2.23	2.57
K11.4OS	83.82	8.82	0.87	0.23	0.70	1.76	3.26
K11.4>63 μm	82.73	9.04	0.85	0.23	0.70	1.81	3.23
K11.4<63 μm	57.80	11.93	2.62	0.93	1.95	2.30	2.42
K4.5OS	75.84	10.36	2.00	0.71	2.61	2.06	2.94
K4.5>63 μm	76.91	10.14	1.89	0.64	2.45	2.04	2.97
K4.5<63 μm	57.23	12.33	2.51	1.43	3.84	2.25	2.39
K5.5OS	89.05	6.58	0.60	0.14	0.33	1.16	2.58
K5.5<63 μm	62.19	12.04	1.85	0.92	1.29	2.41	2.60
K5.5>63 μm	89.46	6.23	0.56	0.12	0.31	1.04	2.44
K6.1OS	88.26	6.54	0.56	0.13	0.31	1.08	2.40
K6.1>63 μm	90.04	5.98	0.52	0.12	0.29	0.97	2.32
K6.1<63 μm	62.52	12.19	2.11	0.98	1.43	2.49	2.57
K6.3OS	89.83	6.04	0.53	0.11	0.27	0.99	2.32
K6.3>63 μm	90.68	5.79	0.48	0.10	0.23	0.95	2.25
K6.3<63 μm	63.20	12.39	2.26	0.98	1.38	2.50	2.56
Ave. of original samples	84.61	8.12	0.96	0.27	0.82	1.52	2.85
Ave. of >63 μm	84.96	7.86	0.91	0.25	0.77	1.47	2.77
Ave. of <63 μm	60.31	12.23	2.32	1.04	1.91	2.34	2.51

Region	Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau	Tarim Basin	Turpan-Hami Basin	Hexi Corridor	Ala Shan Plateau	Horqin sandy land	Mean	Upper crust
P	801.8	1,061.4	807.2	802.4	888.7	548.4	818.3	2,000
Ti	4693.6	5,532.5	4,375.2	4,699.4	5,863	4,950.1	5,019	5,000
V	93.40	98.40	101.7	98.30	132.9	52.20	96.20	107.0
Cr	82.10	81.90	69.50	92.50	210.2	54.30	98.40	85.00
Mn	684.1	695.1	894.6	801.5	726.3	450.2	708.6	700.0
Co	15.90	13.00	19.10	18.20	17.30	8.500	15.30	17.00
Ni	37.00	27.10	33.90	42.70	53.00	10.60	34.00	44.00
Cu	26.40	18.90	50.20	36.80	28.10	3.400	27.30	25.00
Ga	13.10	10.30	16.10	15.10	12.80	9.200	12.80	17.00
As	13.20	9.70	13.20	15.20	15.20	4.900	11.90	1.500
Rb	85.70	66.20	83.10	89.30	79.20	89.20	82.10	112.0
Sr	363.4	328.4	383.0	272.2	270.5	207.4	304.1	350.0
Y	33.60	44.70	27.10	31.40	45.30	28.60	35.10	22.00
Zr	616.8	1,087.1	251.2	391.9	1,252.2	1,240.4	806.6	190.0
Nb	18.20	23.10	12.40	15.80	23.70	13.80	17.80	12.00
Ba	508.4	517.5	437.2	585.4	547.8	588.7	530.8	550.0
La	43.70	57.90	32.60	39.30	53.50	39.70	44.40	30.00
Ce	67.30	89.20	45.80	59.00	73.90	52.90	64.70	64.00
Nd	39.50	54.70	27.80	35.70	47.90	24.40	38.30	26.00
SiO₂*	50.63	50.72	50.91	54.03	54.24	60.31	53.47	65.89
Al₂O₃*	10.83	9.100	12.03	12.13	11.37	12.23	11.28	15.17
Fe₂O₃*	4.860	4.500	5.730	5.600	6.060	2.320	4.850	4.490
MgO*	4.160	3.420	3.730	3.850	4.230	1.040	3.410	2.200
CaO*	11.60	13.71	8.700	9.810	7.390	1.910	8.850	4.190
Na₂O*	2.480	2.490	4.410	1.770	1.870	2.340	2.560	3.890
K₂O*	2.120	1.680	2.250	2.360	2.080	2.510	2.170	3.390