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Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions ›› 2020, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (6): 343-354.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2020.00343

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Changes in the global cryosphere and their impacts: A review and new perspective

ShiYin Liu1,2(),TongHua Wu2,Xin Wang3,XiaoDong Wu2,XiaoJun Yao4,Qiao Liu5,Yong Zhang3,JunFeng Wei3,XiaoFan Zhu2   

  1. 1.Institute of International Rivers and Eco-security and Yunnan Key Lab of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
    2.Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibetan Planteau State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
    3.School of Resource, Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China
    4.College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
    5.Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
  • Received:2020-07-29 Accepted:2020-11-03 Online:2020-12-31 Published:2021-01-14
  • Contact: ShiYin Liu E-mail:shiyin.liu@ynu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Yunnan University(YJRC3201702);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41761144075);the Ministry of Science and Technology(2013FY111400)

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Abstract:

As one of the five components of Earth's climatic system, the cryosphere has been undergoing rapid shrinking due to global warming. Studies on the formation, evolution, distribution and dynamics of cryospheric components and their interactions with the human system are of increasing importance to society. In recent decades, the mass loss of glaciers, including the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, has accelerated. The extent of sea ice and snow cover has been shrinking, and permafrost has been degrading. The main sustainable development goals in cryospheric regions have been impacted. The shrinking of the cryosphere results in sea-level rise, which is currently affecting, or is soon expected to affect, 17 coastal megacities and some small island countries. In East Asia, South Asia and North America, climate anomalies are closely related to the extent of Arctic sea ice and snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere. Increasing freshwater melting from the ice sheets and sea ice may be one reason for the slowdown in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in the Arctic and Southern Oceans. The foundations of ports and infrastructure in the circum-Arctic permafrost regions suffer from the consequences of permafrost degradation. In high plateaus and mountainous regions, the cryosphere's shrinking has led to fluctuations in river runoff, caused water shortages and increased flooding risks in certain areas. These changes in cryospheric components have shown significant heterogeneity at different temporal and spatial scales. Our results suggest that the quantitative evaluation of future changes in the cryosphere still needs to be improved by enhancing existing observations and model simulations. Theoretical and methodological innovations are required to strengthen social economies' resilience to the impact of cryospheric change.

Key words: cryospheric change, sea-level rise, water resources, climate change

Figure 1

Distribution of global cryospheric elements, based on RGI (Randolph Glacier Inventory Version 6) glacier inventories, sea-ice (1978-2019) and maximum snow extent (2000-2019) at NSIDC (national snow and ice data center), and Gruber's (2012) permafrost distribution data (based on permafrost zonation index (PZI))"

Table 1

Global cryosphere distribution statistics (% of the total, with latitudinal bands, taking geographic unit completeness into account)"

LatitudeGlaciers excluding ice sheetsPermafrost3*Snow coverSea ice5*Ice sheet7*
Snow water equivalent4*Range6*
Area1*Volume2*MinMaxMinMaxMinMaxAreaVolume
90°N-78°N22.125.42.63.30.342.51.414.719.911.111.9
78°N-50°N41.937.181.796.385.518.276.43.357.2--
50°N-35°N8.93.29.20.314.33.020.90.04.0--
35°N-26°N4.91.45.90.00.00.61.2----
26°N-0°0.00.00.0--0.00.0----
0°-25°S0.30.10.2--2.50.0----
25°S-62°S4.83.90.4--33.20.0----
62°S-90°S17.228.9-----82.018.988.988.1
Sum100100100100100100100100100100100

Figure 2

Spatial distribution of various global cryospheric hazards (redrawn from Wang and Xiao, 2019)"

Figure 3

Risk map of the infrastructure in northern Hemisphere (after Hjort et al., 2018)"

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