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Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions ›› 2021, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (3): 179-194.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2021.20055.

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A concise overview on historical black carbon in ice cores and remote lake sediments in the northern hemisphere

Poonam Thapa1,2,JianZhong Xu1,Bigyan Neupane3()   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
    2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
    3.Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
  • Received:2020-06-16 Accepted:2020-09-29 Online:2021-06-30 Published:2021-07-05
  • Contact: Bigyan Neupane E-mail:bigyan.npn@gmail.com
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771079);the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences-The Pan-Third Pole Environment Study for a Green Silk Road (Pan-TPE)(XDA20040501);the Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Scientific Research Foundation(SKLCS-ZZ-2019)

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Abstract:

Black Carbon (BC), as a driver of environmental change, could significantly impact the snow by accelerating melting and decreasing albedo. Systematic documentation of BC studies is crucial for a better understanding of its spatial and temporal trends. This study reviewed the BC studies in the ice core and remote lake sediments and their sources in the northern hemisphere. The literature surveyed points to around 2.9 to 3.7 times increase of BC in the European Alps and up to a three-fold increase of BC in the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau (HTP) after the onset of industrialization in Europe and Asia, respectively. BC concentration from Greenland ice core showed seven times increase with an interrupted trend after 1950's. South Asian emissions were dominant in the HTP along with a contribution from the Middle East, whereas Western European and local emissions were responsible for the change in BC concentration in the European Alps. In the Arctic, contributions from North America, Europe and Asia persisted. Similarly, a historical reconstruction of lake sediments records demonstrates the effects of emissions from long-range transport, sediment focusing, local anthropogenic activities, precipitation and total input of flux on the BC concentration.

Key words: black carbon, ice core, lake sediment, Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau, Arctic, European Alps

Figure 1

Map showing the locations of BC. (a) ice core records, and (b) lake sediment records"

Figure 2

Historical BC reconstruction by ice cores in the HTP region"

Figure 3

Historical BC reconstruction in the ice cores of Europe, Greenland, North America and the Caucasus"

Figure 4

Estimated emission from France, Italy, Germany and Switzerland (FIGS), European emission and BC trend of Colle Gnifetti glacier, redrawn from Painter et al. (2013)"

Table 1

BC concentration in ice cores from the Arctic, North America and Europe"

LocationsTime frameMethodsBC concentrations(ng/g)References
Greenland
D41788-2002SP21.7 (<1850), 4 (1851-1951), 2.3 (>1952)McConnell et al. (2007)
Summit1742-2010SP21.0 (<1850), 2.2 (1851-1951), 1.1 (>1952)(Keegan et al., 2014)
NEEM 2011-S11778-1997SP22.9 (< 1850) - 4.9 (1851-1951) - 3.0 (>1952)(Sigl et al., 2013)
Svalbard
Holtedahlfonna1700-2004Thermal optical23 (<1850), 36 (1850-1950), 45(>1950)Ruppel et al. (2014)
2005-2015Thermal optical10.4(Ruppel et al., 2017)
Lomonosovfonna1222-2004SP20.5 (<1850), 1.9 (1851-1950), 2.9 (>1951)(Osmont et al., 2018)
2004-2011SP20.5 (median: 0.3) ± 0.4(Osmont et al., 2018)
North America
Devon Island (Canadian Arctic)1810-1990SP21.5±3.2(Zdanowicz et al., 2018)
Upper Fremont Glacier (UFG98)1750-1990SP20.5-10 (1800-1900), 26 (1910: maximum), 6 (1990)(Chellman et al., 2017)
European Alps
Fiescherhorn1650-2002Thermal optical15 (<1850), 26 (1850-1950), 20 (>1950)Jenk et al. (2006), (Gabbi et al., 2015)
Mt. Elbrus1825-2013SP2(mean: 11.0±11.3) (median:7.2)(Lim et al., 2017)

Figure 5

BC trend in ice core of (a) Svalbard, Holtedahlfonna glacier. The black curve represents the concentration at sample resolution and the blue line the running 10-year averages of sample and (b) Greenland, D4 where black and red lines denote monthly and annual BC concentration, redrawn from Ruppel et al. (2014) and McConnell et al. (2007) respectively"

Table 2

Detailed description of the remote lakes for BC investigation"

LakesLocation (altitude, m a.s.l.)Age SpanBC (mg/g)

Fluxes

(g/(m2?a))

MethodsReference
Selin CoTibetan Plateau, 4,552Surface sedimentsAverage: 0.62-TOR-IMPROVE(Neupane et al., 2020)
GokyoNepal-Himalayas, 4,7501853-20050.04-0.300.02-0.21TOR-IMPROVE(Neupane et al., 2019)
GosainkundaNepal-Himalayas, 4,3901895-20109.06-64.51.35-5.78TOR-IMPROVE(Neupane et al., 2019)
Lingge CoTibetan Plateau, 5,0511869-20110.14-0.630.01-0.14TOR-IMPROVE(Neupane et al., 2019)
QiangyongTibetan Plateau, 4,8661922-20111.53-2.580.86-1.83TOR-IMPROVE(Neupane et al., 2019)
TanglhaTibetan Plateau, 5,1521890-20110.81-1.270.23-0.60TOR-IMPROVE(Neupane et al., 2019)
RanwuTibetan Plateau, 3,8001833-20151.15-2.051.16-10.46TOR-IMPROVE(Neupane et al., 2019)
Nam CoTibetan Plateau, 4,7221857-20090.49-1.090.12-0.44TOR-IMPROVE(Cong et al., 2013)
Pumoyum CoTibetan Plateau1860-20100.46-1.480.09-0.61*TOR-IMPROVE(Lin et al., 2017)
Qinghai(north)North TPTibetan Plateau1775-20030.4-1.450.27-0.98TOR-IMPROVE(Han et al., 2015)
Qinghai(south)North TPTibetan Plateau1775-20030.39-0.610.22-0.36TOR-IMPROVE(Han et al., 2015)
GonghaiShanxi, North China1780-20130.66-4.620.1-0.8TOR-IMPROVE(Zhan et al., 2019)
MayinghaiShanxi, North China1789-20130.98-4.200.2-0.9TOR-IMPROVE(Zhan et al., 2019)
DaihaiInner Mongolia, North China1800-20010.52-4.900.6-7TOR-IMPROVE(Han et al., 2010)
Fennoscandian ArcticNorthern Finland, 144-6791830-20120.52-5.10.02-0.5CTO-375(Ruppel et al., 2015)
West Pine PondNew York State, 4841835-20050.6-80.026-0.77TOT-STN(Husain et al., 2008)
Slovenia Alpine LakesAlps, Slovenia, 1,383-2,1501800-19981-110.3-1.3CTO-375(Muri et al., 2002b)
EngstlenAlps, Switzerland, 1,8501963-20081.5-3.32.1-7.4CTO-375(Bogdal et al., 2011)
Stora FrillingenAspvreten, Sweden1000-20051.82-2.950.05-0.40CTO-375(Elmquist et al., 2007)

Figure 6

Historical BC reconstruction in the lake sediment cores of (a) the HTP, (b) Fennoscandian Arctic, (c) USA and (d) Europe"

Figure 7

Historical BC emission data, redrawn from Bond et al. (2007)"

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