Advanced search

Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions ›› 2021, Vol. 13 ›› Issue (1): 53-61.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2021.20072

Previous Articles     Next Articles

The evapotranspiration and environmental controls of typical underlying surfaces on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

JinLei Chen1,Jun Wen2,4(),ShiChang Kang1,3,XianHong Meng2,XianYu Yang4   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
    2.Key Laboratory of Land Surface Processes and Climate Change, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
    3.CAS Centre for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    4.College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610225, China
  • Received:2020-07-22 Accepted:2020-10-09 Online:2021-02-28 Published:2021-02-07
  • Contact: Jun Wen E-mail:jwen@cuit.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42005075);the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP)(2019QZKK0605);the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science(SKLCS-ZZ-2020);Foundation for Excellent Youth Scholars of "Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources", CAS(FEYS2019020)

RichHTML

2516

PDF (PC)

397

Abstract:

To reveal the characteristics of evapotranspiration and environmental control factors of typical underlying surfaces (alpine wetland and alpine meadow) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, a comprehensive study was performed via in situ observations and remote sensing data in the growing season and non-growing season. Evapotranspiration was positively correlated with precipitation, the decoupling coefficient, and the enhanced vegetation index, but was energy-limited and mainly controlled by the vapor pressure deficit and solar radiation at an annual scale and growing season scale, respectively. Compared with the non-growing season, monthly evapotranspiration, equilibrium evaporation, and decoupling coefficient were greater in the growing season due to lower vegetation resistance and considerable precipitation. However, these factors were restricted in the alpine meadow. The decoupling factor was more sensitive to changes of conductance in the alpine wetland. This study is of great significance for understanding hydro-meteorological processes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Key words: evapotranspiration, control factor, typical underlying surfaces, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Figure 1

The geographic location of the observation sites"

Table 1

Statistics of energy budgets and hydro-meteorological factors of AM and AW in the growing season and non-growing season"

ItemAMAW
Growing seasonNon-growing seasonAnnual averageGrowing seasonNon-growing seasonAnnual average
Rs (W/(m2?d))17,222.5015,379.3216,222.3811,762.878,402.689,810.07
LE (W/(m2?d))4,256.951,279.472,641.343,993.851,539.092,567.25
H (W/(m2?d))2,052.563,135.592,640.221,080.5951,141.231,116.42
β0.834.223.240.772.422.08
P (kPa)67.3167.0267.1567.2866.9567.09
T (K)284.57273.62278.63283.14271.04276.11
rh0 (%)68.5746.8156.7674.7262.4667.59
Prec (mm/d)2.730.401.376.121.523.45
ET (mm/d)2.260.541.262.781.081.79
SM (m3/m3)0.240.160.190.870.400.59
Eeq (mm/d)3.052.152.562.450.951.58
Eim (mm/d)3.750.942.225.371.913.36
α0.850.390.520.890.690.73
VPD (kPa)0.500.400.450.370.230.29
LAI0.99--1.10--
EVI0.32--0.38--
rc (s/m)124.40540.75420.8799.06260.99228.17
ra (s/m)65.9865.3865.5647.8063.6460.43
Ω0.610.280.370.590.350.40

Figure 2

The variation of hydrological factors coupled to evapotranspiration"

Figure 3

Variations in monthly average midday (a) aerodynamic resistance (ra), (b) vegetation resistance (rc), (c) Priestley-Taylor coefficient (α), and Bowen ratio (β)"

Figure 4

Frequency distribution of Ω and corresponding ET at midday"

Figure 5

Variations of Ω versus aerodynamic conductance (ga) and vegetation conductance (gc) in AM and AW, respectively"

Figure 6

Relationships between EVI and ET in the growing season"

Figure 7

Relationships between vegetation conductance and (a and c) LAI and (b and d) VPD in the growing season and non-growing season"

Chen JL, Wen J, Kang SC, et al., 2020. Assessments of the factors controlling latent heat flux and the coupling degree between an alpine wetland and the atmosphere on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in summer. Atmospheric Research, 240: 104937. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104937.
doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104937
Chen JL, Wen J, Tian H, 2016. Representativeness of the ground observational sites and up-scaling of the point soil moisture measurements. Journal of Hydrology, 533: 62-73. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.11.032.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.11.032
Chen Y, Xia JZ, Liang SL, et al., 2014. Comparison of satellite-based evapotranspiration models over terrestrial ecosystems in China. Remote Sensing of Environment, 140: 279-293. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.045.
doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2013.08.045
Donatelli M, Bellocchi G, Carlini L, 2006. Sharing knowledge via software components: models on reference evapotranspiration. European Journal of Agronomy, 24: 186-192. DOI: 10.1016/j.eja.2005.07.005.
doi: 10.1016/j.eja.2005.07.005
Ding RS, Kang SZ, Vargas R, et al., 2013. Multiscale spectral analysis of temporal variability in evapotranspiration over irrigated cropland in an arid region. Agricultural Water Management, 130: 79-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.agwat.2013. 08.019.
doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2013. 08.019
Gu S, Tang Y, Cui X, et al., 2008. Characterizing evapotranspiration over a meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmosphere, 113: D08118. DOI: 10.1029/2007JD009173.
doi: 10.1029/2007JD009173
Immerzeel WW, Van Beek LPH, Bierkens MFP, 2010. Climate change will affect the Asian water towers. Science, 328: 1382-1385. DOI: 10.1126/science.1183188.
doi: 10.1126/science.1183188
Jarvis PG, Mcnon-aughton KG, 1986. Stomatal control of transpiration: scaling up from leaf to region. Advances in Ecological Research, 15: 1-49. DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60119-1.
doi: 10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60119-1
Jia X, Zha TS, Gong Jnon, et al., 2016. Energy partitioning over a semi‐arid shrubland in northern China. Hydrological Processes, 30: 972-985. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10685.
doi: 10.1002/hyp.10685
Jung M, Reichstein M, Ciais P, et al., 2010. Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply. Nature, 467: 951-954. DOI: 10.1038/nature09396.
doi: 10.1038/nature09396
Karam F, Lahoud R, Masaad R, et al., 2007. Evapotranspiration, seed yield and water use efficiency of drip irrigated sunflower under full and deficit irrigation conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 90(3): 213-223. DOI: 10. 1016/j.agwat.2007.03.009.
doi: 10. 1016/j.agwat.2007.03.009
Li SG, Eugster W, Asanuma J, et al., 2006. Energy partitioning and its biophysical controls above a grazing steppe in central Mongolia. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 137: 89-106. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.010.
doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.010
Liu XD, Chen BD, 2000. Climatic warming in the Tibetan Plateau during recent decades. International Journal of Climatology, 20: 1729-1742. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0088(20001130)20:14<1729::aid-joc556>3.0.co;2-y.
doi: 10.1002/1097-0088(20001130)20:14<1729::aid-joc556>3.0.co;2-y
Ma N, Zhang YS, Guo YH, et al., 2015. Environmental and biophysical controls on the evapotranspiration over the highest alpine steppe. Journal of Hydrology, 529: 980-992. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.09.013.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.09.013
Mcnon-aughton KG, Spriggs TW, 1986. A mixed-layer model for regional evaporation. Boundary-layer Meteorology, 34: 243-262. DOI: 10.1007/BF00122381.
doi: 10.1007/BF00122381
Monteith JL, 1965. Evaporation and environment. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology, 19: 205-234.
Monteith JL, Unsworth MH, 2013. Principles of Environmental Physics: Plants, Animals, and the Atmosphere. Academic Press, Amsterdam.
Pan SF, Pan NQ, Tian HQ, et al., 2020. Evaluation of global terrestrial evapotranspiration using state-of-the-art approaches in remote sensing, machine learning and land surface modeling. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 24: 1485-1509. DOI: 10.5194/hess-24-1485-2020.
doi: 10.5194/hess-24-1485-2020
Sutherlin CE, Brunsell NA, de Oliveira G, et al., 2019. Contrasting physiological and environmental controls of evapotranspiration over kernza perennial crop, annual crops, and C4 and mixed C3/C4 grasslands. Sustainability, 11: 1640. DOI: 10.3390/su11061640.
doi: 10.3390/su11061640
Takanashi S, Kosugi Y, Ohkubo S, et al., 2010. Water and heat fluxes above a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Hydrological Processes, 24: 472-480. DOI: 10. 1002/hyp.7499.
doi: 10. 1002/hyp.7499
Tong XJ, Zhang JS, Meng P, et al., 2017. Environmental controls of evapotranspiration in a mixed plantation in north China. International Journal of Biometeorology, 61: 227-238. DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1205-0.
doi: 10.1007/s00484-016-1205-0
Wever LA, Flanagan LB, Carlson PJ, 2002. Seasonal and interannual variation in evapotranspiration, energy balance and surface conductance in a northern temperate grassland. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 112: 31-49. DOI: 10. 1016/s0168-1923(02)00041-2.
doi: 10. 1016/s0168-1923(02)00041-2
You QL, Min JZ, Kang SC, 2016. Rapid warming in the Tibetan Plateau from observations and CMIP5 models in recent decades. International Journal of Climatology, 36: 2660-2670. DOI: 10.1002/joc.4520.
doi: 10.1002/joc.4520
Yu SM, Liu JS, Xu JQ, et al., 2011. Evaporation and energy balance estimates over a large inland lake in the Tibet-Himalaya. Environmental Earth Sciences, 64: 1169-1176. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-011-0933-z.
doi: 10.1007/s12665-011-0933-z
Yue P, Zhang Q, Yang Y, et al., 2018. Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the Bowen smith ratio over a semi-arid grassland in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 252: 99-108. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet. 2018.01.006.
doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet. 2018.01.006
Zhang X, Liu XQ, Zhang LF, et al., 2019. Comparison of energy partitioning between artificial pasture and degraded meadow in three-river source region on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: A case study. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 271: 251-263. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.02.046.
doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.02.046
Zhu GF, Lu L, Su YH, et al., 2014. Energy flux partitioning and evapotranspiration in a sub‐alpine spruce forest ecosystem. Hydrological Processes, 28: 5093-5104. DOI: se/10. 1002/hyp.9995.
doi: se/10. 1002/hyp.9995
[1] KunXin Wang,YinSheng Zhang,Ning Ma,YanHong Guo,YaoHui Qiang. Cryosphere evapotranspiration in the Tibetan Plateau: A review [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2020, 12(6): 355-370.
[2] YueFang Li, Zhen Li, Ju Huang, Giulio Cozzi, Clara Turetta, Carlo Barbante, LongFei Xiong. Variations of trace elements and rare earth elements (REEs) treated by two different methods for snow-pit samples on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their implications [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(6): 568-579.
[3] LunYu Shang, Yu Zhang, ShiHua Lyu, ShaoYing Wang, YinHuan Ao, SiQiong Luo, ShiQiang Chen. Winter estimation of surface roughness length over eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(2): 151-157.
[4] TengFei Yu, Qi Feng, JianHua Si, XiaoYou Zhang, ChunYan Zhao. Evapotranspiration of a Populuseuphratica Oliv. forest and its controlling factors in the lowerHeihe RiverBasin, Northwest China [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(2): 175-182.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
[1] Mohan Bahadur Chand,Rijan Bhakta Kayastha. Study of thermal properties of supraglacial debris and degree-day factors on Lirung Glacier, Nepal[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(5): 357 -368 .
[2] AiHong Xie, ShiMeng Wang, YiCheng Wang, ChuanJin Li. Comparison of temperature extremes between Zhongshan Station and Great Wall Station in Antarctica[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(5): 369 -378 .
[3] YanZai Wang, YongQiu Wu, MeiHui Pan, RuiJie Lu. Comparison of two classification methods to identify grain size fractions of aeolian sediment[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(5): 413 -420 .
[4] YinHuan Ao, ShiHua Lyu, ZhaoGuo Li, LiJuan Wen, Lin Zhao. Numerical simulation of the climate effect of high-altitude lakes on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(5): 379 -391 .
[5] Zhuo Ga, Za Dui, Duodian Luozhu, Jun Du. Comparison of precipitation products to observations in Tibet during the rainy season[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(5): 392 -403 .
[6] Rong Yang, JunQia Kong, ZeYu Du, YongZhong Su. Altitude pattern of carbon stocks in desert grasslands of an arid land region[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(5): 404 -412 .
[7] Yang Qiu, ZhongKui Xie, XinPing Wang, YaJun Wang, YuBao Zhang, YuHui He, WenMei Li, WenCong Lv. Effect of slow-release iron fertilizer on iron-deficiency chlorosis, yield and quality of Lilium davidii var. unicolor in a two-year field experiment[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(5): 421 -427 .
[8] Ololade A. Oyedapo,Joseph M. Agbedahunsi,H. C Illoh,Akinwumi J. Akinloye. Comparative foliar anatomy of three Khaya species (Meliaceae) used in Nigeria as antisickling agent[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(4): 279 -285 .
[9] YuMing Wei, XiaoFei Ma, PengShan Zhao. Transcriptomic comparison to identify rapidly evolving genes in Braya humilis[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(5): 428 -435 .
[10] Yong Chen, Tao Wang, LiHua Zhou, Rui Wang. Industrialization model of enterprises participating in ecological management and suggestions: A case study of the Hobq Model in Inner Mongolia[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(4): 286 -292 .