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Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions ›› 2020, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (6): 436–446.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2020.00436

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  • 收稿日期:2020-09-26 接受日期:2020-12-01 出版日期:2020-12-31 发布日期:2021-01-14

Manifestations and mechanisms of mountain glacier-related hazards

Xin Wang1(),Qiao Liu2,ShiYin Liu3,GuangLi He1   

  1. 1.School of Resource Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411100, China
    2.Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
    3.Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, China
  • Received:2020-09-26 Accepted:2020-12-01 Online:2020-12-31 Published:2021-01-14
  • Contact: Xin Wang E-mail:wangx@hnust.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the Ministry of Science and Technology(2018YFE010010002);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771075)

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Abstract:

Mountain glacier-related hazards occur worldwide in response to increasing glacier instability and human activity intensity in modern glacierized regions. These hazards are characterized by their spatial aggregation and temporal repeatability. Comprehensive knowledge about mountain glacier-related hazards is critical for hazard assessment, mitigation, and prevention in the mountain cryosphere and downstream regions. This article systematically schematizes various mountain glacier-related hazards and analyzes their inherent associations with glacier changes. Besides, the processes, manifestations, and mechanisms of each of the glacier-related hazards are summarized. In the future, more extensive and detailed systematic surveys, for example, considering integrated ground-air-space patterns, should be undertaken for typical glacierized regions to enhance existing knowledge of such hazards. The use of coupled numerical models based on multi-source data is challenging but will be essential to improve our understanding of the complex chain of processes involved in thermal-hydrogeomorphic glacier-related hazards in the mountain cryosphere.

Key words: glacier-related hazards, mountain cryosphere, glacier changes

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TypeSubclassFormation of water sourceCharacteristics of activity
Meltwater inducedGlacier meltwaterFloods caused by the strong ice meltingIt happens frequently and widely in modern glacier basins and it usually occurs in the afternoon or at night on a sunny day in summer.
Snow meltwaterFloods caused by snow meltingIt usually occurs when temperature rapidly rises in spring or the beginning of summer.
Glacier lake outburst inducedMoraine-dammed lake outburstThe sudden drainage of the moraine-dammed lakeIt usually bursts out massively and hardly repeats; it firstly initiates in the state of viscous debris flow and then gradually develops in diluted debris flow.
Glacier-dammed lake outburstSudden drainage of glacier-blocked lakeFeatures are similar to the debris flow induced by an outburst of the glacial moraine-dammed lake except that may be characterized by repetition and periodicity.
Englacial lake outburstSudden drainage of englacial lakeFeatures are similar to the debris flow induced by other GLOFs except it occurs in all seasons and relatively small magnitude.
Ice/snow avalanche inducedDeposit of ice avalancheFlood caused by melting of the deposits of ice avalancheIt forms downward the tongue of ice in most cases and usually occurs in spring and summer with small magnitude and infrequency.
Blocked by Ice avalancheOutburst flood from river channel or valley blocked by ice avalancheIt happens more suddenly with less magnitude and frequency than other types of glacier-related debris flows.
Rainfall or rainfall mixed with ice/snow melt inducedFloods caused by Rainfall or rainfall mixed with ice/snow melt waterIt usually occurs in rainy and warmer seasons; it is the most frequently and widely occurring type among the glacial debris flows.

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