Advanced search

Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions ›› 2019, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (6): 419-427.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2019.00419.

   

Relationship between ponding and topographic factors along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline in permafrost regions

MingTang Chai1,YanHu Mu1(),GuoYu Li1,Wei Ma1,Fei Wang1,2   

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
    2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • Received:2019-07-11 Accepted:2019-09-27 Online:2019-12-31 Published:2020-01-07
  • Contact: YanHu Mu E-mail:muyanhu@lzb.ac.cn

RichHTML

604

PDF (PC)

759

Abstract:

The original landform along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline (CRCOP, line 2) was disturbed during installation of pavement for the pipeline. Forest and vegetation coverage is dense, and runoff develops along the pipe. Since the operation of the CRCOP (line 2) began in 2018, ponding has appeared on both sides of the pipeline. If there is no drainage, ponding can hardly dissipate, due to the low permeability of the permafrost layer. With the supply of surface flow and the transportation of oil at positive temperatures, ponding promotes an increase in temperature and changes the boundary thermal conditions of the pipeline. Meanwhile, when the ponding freezes and thaws, frost heave threatens operational safety of the pipeline. Furthermore, the ponding can affect the thermal condition of line 1. In this paper, the distribution of ponding along the CRCOP was obtained by field investigation. The type and cause of ponding were summarized, and the catchment and stream order were extracted by the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). According to the statistical results in attributes for topographic factors, it is known that ponding along the pipeline is relative to elevation, slope, aspect, and the Topographic Wetness Index (TWI). Water easily accumulates at altitudes of 300-450 m, slopes within 3°-5°, aspect in the northeast or south, TWI within 13-16, flow direction in north-east-south, and flow length within 90-150 km. This paper proposes a theoretical basis for the cause and characteristics of ponding along the pipeline.

Key words: permafrost, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), pipeline, ponding

Figure 1

River distribution in the study area (Figure 1a, Shi and Mi, 1988)"

Figure 2

Flow direction of grid"

Figure 3

Extraction of river-network level (a, grid elevation; b, flow direction; and c, river network level)"

Figure 4

Distribution of ponding: (a) K23, (b) K121, and (c) K193"

Figure 5

Results of hydrological analysis: (a) river-network level, (b) watershed, (c) catchment, and (d) TWI"

Figure 6

Statistical results of attributes in elevation (a) and slope (b) between ponding and the study region along the pipeline"

Figure 7

Statistical results of attributes in aspect (a) and flow direction (b) between ponding and the study region along the pipeline"

Figure 8

Statistical results of attributes in flow length (a) and the TWI (b) between ponding and study region along the pipeline"

Table 1

Correlation index of attributes, between ponding and the whole pipeline"

Attribute Altitude Slope Aspect Flow direction Flow length TWI
Correlation Index 0.889 0.957 0.913 0.711 0.933 0.800
Beven KJ , Kirkby MJ , 1979. A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 24(1): 43-69. DOI: 10.1080/02626667909 491834 .
doi: 10.1080/02626667909 491834
Beven KJ , Kirkby MJ , Schofield N , et al. , 1984. Testing a physically-based flood forecasting model (TOPMODEL) for three UK catchments. Journal of Hydrology, 69(1-4): 119-143. DOI: 10.1016/0022-1694(84)90159-8 .
doi: 10.1016/0022-1694(84)90159-8
Chen QL , 2007. Engineering geological research on the permafrost in high latitudes area and its impact on pipeline construction. Thesis. Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, pp. 17-29. (in Chinese)
Cheng GD , Jin HJ , 2013. Permafrost and groundwater on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in northeast China. Hydrogeology Journal, 21(1): 5-23. DOI: 10.1007/s10040-012-0927-2 .
doi: 10.1007/s10040-012-0927-2
Gu ZW , Zhou YW , Liang FX , et al. , 1993. Permafrost features and their changes in Amur area, Da Xing'an Ling Prefecture. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 15(1): 34-40. (in Chinese)
Hunter GJ , Michael FG , 1997. Modeling the uncertainty of slope and aspect estimates derived from spatial databases. Geographical Analysis, 29(1): 35-49. DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1997.tb00944.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1997.tb00944.x
Jenson SK , Domingue JO , 1988. Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information system analysis. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 54(11): 1593-1600. DOI: 10.1.1.138.6487 .
doi: 10.1.1.138.6487
Jin, HJ, Hao JQ , Chang XL , et al. , 2010. Zonation and assessment of frozen-ground conditions for engineering geology along the China-Russia crude oil pipeline route from Mo'he to Daqing. Northeastern China. Cold Regions Science and Technolog, 64: 213-225. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.12.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.12.003
Jin HJ , Yu QH , Lü LZ , et al. , 2007. Degradation of permafrost in the Xing'anling Mountains, Northeastern China. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 18(3): 245-258. DOI: 10. 1002/ppp.589 .
doi: 10. 1002/ppp.589
Li GY , Ma W , Wang XL , et al. , 2015. Frost hazards and mitigative measures following operation of Mohe-Daqing line of China-Russia crude oil pipeline. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 36(10): 2963-2973. DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2015.10.030 . (in Chinese)
doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2015.10.030
Li GY , Wang F , Ma W , et al. , 2018. Field observations of cooling performance of thermosyphons on permafrost under the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline. Applied Thermal Engineering, 141: 688-696. DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng. 2018.06.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng. 2018.06.005
Liu JJ , Xie J , 2013. Numerical simulation of thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling around underground pipelines in patchy permafrost region. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 34(1): 444-450. DOI: 10.16285/j.rsm.2013.s1.032 . (in Chinese)
doi: 10.16285/j.rsm.2013.s1.032
Martz LW , Garbrecht J , 1999. An outlet breaching algorithm for the treatment of closed depressions in a raster DEM. Computers & Geosciences, 25(7): 835-844. DOI: 10.1016/S0098-3004(99)00018-7 .
doi: 10.1016/S0098-3004(99)00018-7
Mu YH , Ma W , Li GY , et al. , 2018. Impacts of supra-permafrost water ponding and drainage on a railway embankment in continuous permafrost zone, the interior of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 154: 23-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.06.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.06.007
O'Callaghan JF , David MM , 1984. The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, 28(3): 323-344. DOI: 10.1016/S0734-189X(84)80011-0 .
doi: 10.1016/S0734-189X(84)80011-0
Persson A , Pilesjö P , Eklundh L , 2005. Spatial influence of topographical factors on yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)in central Sweden. Precision Agriculture, 6(4): 341-357. DOI: 10.1007/s11119-005-2323-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s11119-005-2323-6
Quinn P , Beven K , Chevallier P , et al. , 1991. The prediction of hillslope flow paths for distributed hydrological modelling using digital terrain models. Hydrological processes, 5(1): 59-79. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.3360050106 .
doi: 10.1002/hyp.3360050106
Sørensen R , Seibert J , 2007. Effects of DEM resolution on the calculation of topographical indices: TWI and its components. Journal of Hydrology, 347(1-2): 79-89. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.09.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.09.001
Strahler AN , 1957. Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Eos. Transactions American Geophysical Union, 38(6): 913-920. DOI: 10.1029/TR038i006p00913 .
doi: 10.1029/TR038i006p00913
Tang GA , Hui YH , Josef S , et al. , 2001. The impact of resolution on the accuracy of hydrologic data derived from DEMs. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 11(4): 393-401. DOI: 10.1007/BF02837966 .
doi: 10.1007/BF02837966
Vincent L , Soille P , 1991. Watersheds in digital spaces: an efficient algorithm based on immersion simulations. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis & Machine Intelligence, 6: 583-598. DOI: 10.1109/34.87344 .
doi: 10.1109/34.87344
Wang F , Li GY , Ma W , et al. , 2018. Permafrost thawing along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline and countermeasures: A case study in Jiagedaqi, Northeast China. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 155: 308-313. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.08.018 .
doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.08.018
Wei Z , Jin HJ , Zhang JM , et al. , 2011. Prediction of permafrost changes in Northeastern China under a changing climate. Science China Earth Sciences, 54(6): 924-935. DOI: 10. 1007/s11430-010-4109-6 .
doi: 10. 1007/s11430-010-4109-6
Wen Z , Zhelezniak M , Wang DY , et al. , 2018. Thermal interaction between a thermokarst lake and a nearby embankment in permafrost regions. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 155: 214-224. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.08.010 .
doi: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.08.010
Wood J , 1996. The geomorphological characterisation of digital elevation models. Leicester: University of Leicester, pp. 110-115.
Wu S , Li J , Huang GH , 2008. A study on DEM-derived primary topographic attributes for hydrologic applications: Sensitivity to elevation data resolution. Applied Geography, 28(3): 210-223. DOI: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.02.006 .
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.02.006
Xia YL , Li XJ , Wang T , 2018. A Hybrid Flow Direction Algorithm for Water Routing on DEMs. Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, 47(5): 683-691. DOI: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2018.20170614 . (in Chinese)
doi: 10.11947/j.AGCS.2018.20170614
Zhang CX , Yang QK , Li R , 2005. Advancement in topographic wetness index and its application. Progress in Geography, 24(6): 116-123. (in Chinese)
Zhao XJ , 2013. Analysis of rivers hydrological characteristics and variation in the Da Hinggan Mountains. Water Resources & Hydropower of Northeast, 31(5): 41-44. DOI: 0.14124/j.cnki.dbslsd22-1097.2013.05.002 . (in Chinese)
doi: 0.14124/j.cnki.dbslsd22-1097.2013.05.002
Zhou QM , Liu XJ , 2004. Analysis of errors of derived slope and aspect related to DEM data properties. Computers & Geosciences, 30(4): 369-378. DOI: 10.1016/j.cageo.2003. 07.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cageo.2003. 07.005
[1] Wei Cao,Yu Sheng,Ji Chen,JiChun Wu. Applying the AHP-FUZZY method to evaluate the measure effect of rubble roadbed engineering in permafrost regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: a case study of Chaidaer-Muli Railway [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(6): 447-457.
[2] ZhenMing Wu, Lin Zhao, Lin Liu, Rui Zhu, ZeShen Gao, YongPing Qiao, LiMing Tian, HuaYun Zhou, MeiZhen Xie. Surface-deformation monitoring in the permafrost regions over the Tibetan Plateau, using Sentinel-1 data [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(2): 114-125.
[3] JianKun Liu, TengFei Wang, Zhi Wen. Research on pile performance and state-of-the-art practice in cold regions [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(1): 1-11.
[4] Yan Lu, Xin Yi, WenBing Yu, WeiBo Liu. Numerical analysis on the thermal regimes of thermosyphon embankment in snowy permafrost area [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(6): 580-586.
[5] Rudolf V. Zhang. Utilizing natural cryogenic resources to improve the stability of natural-technical systems in the permafrost zone [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(4): 339-342.
[6] Feng Zhang, ZhaoHui(Joey) Yang, JiaHui Wang, HaiPeng Li, Benjamin Still. Shear properties of thawed natural permafrost by bender elements [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(4): 343-351.
[7] L. Gagarin, A. Melnikov, V. Ogonerov, I. Khristophorov, K. Bazhin. Phenomena caused by seismic and geocryological processes across linear infrastructure, South Yakutia, Russia [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(4): 352-362.
[8] Eduard Severskiy. Permafrost response to climate change in the Northern Tien Shan [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(4): 398-403.
[9] YuChi Liu, ZhiGang Song. Study on the adaptability of block-rock embankment in permafrost regions [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(4): 412-419.
[10] JiLiang Wang, ChenXi Zhang, XinLei Na. Analysis of bearing capacity of pile foundation in discontinued permafrost regions [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(4): 420-424.
[11] Alexey Piotrovich, Svetlana Zhdanova. Subgrade-reinforcement techniques for the dangerously deforming sections of railway lines in the north of the Russian Far East [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(3): 197-204.
[12] Aleksey Lanis, Denis Razuvaev. Systematization of features and requirements for geological survey of railroad subgrades functioning in cold regions [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(3): 205-212.
[13] ZhiChun Zhang, YuPeng Shen, Xiao Wang, YaHu Tian, JianKun Liu, Bagdat Teltayev. Using attributes of electromagnetic waves to determine the water content and frost table in a permafrost area [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(3): 261-266.
[14] Evgeny S. Ashpiz, Tatyana S. Vavrinyuk. Strengthening long-term embankments maintained on permafrost soils [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(3): 317-320.
[15] Irina Chesnokova, Dmitry Sergeev. Complex analysis of the damage caused by geocryologic processes (as exemplified by effects on the Chara-China Railway track, Transbaikal region) [J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(3): 335-338.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!