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Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions ›› 2019, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (4): 267-282.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2019.00267.

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A paleo-hydrological simulation experiment and its verification in an inland basin

YuXin Zhang1,Yu Li1(),XinZhong Zhang1,ChengQi Zhang2,WangTing Ye1,Yuan Liu1   

  1. 1. Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Center for Hydrologic Cycle and Water Resources in Arid Region, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
    2. Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin/Gansu Hydrology and Water Resources Engineering Research Center, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
  • Received:2019-01-07 Accepted:2019-04-12 Online:2019-08-31 Published:2019-09-02
  • Contact: Yu Li E-mail:liyu@lzu.edu.cn

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Abstract:

Hydrological circulation, as the most basic material cycle and active natural phenomenon on earth, exerts a significant influence on climate change. The mid-Holocene is an important period to better understand modern environmental change; however, little research has focused on its quantitative simulation of paleo-hydrological process. In this research, we first collected chronological evidence and sediment records from six Holocene sedimentary sections in the Shiyang River Basin to reconstruct the mid-Holocene environment and terminal paleo-lake area. Secondly, we comprehensively analyzed modern pollen combinations and their propagation characteristics in surface soil, air, river and lacustrine sediments in the Shiyang River Basin, and combined the pollen records, as well as quantitatively reconstructed the millennial-scale vegetation zones. Finally, based on the land-cover adjustment results during the mid-Holocene, we successfully used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, a modern distributed hydrological watershed model, to simulate mid-Holocene runoff in the basin. Results show that the reconstructed climate in the basin was warmer and moister than that in recent times. Vegetation types in the mid-Holocene mainly consisted of sub-alpine shrub distributed between 2,550 m and 2,750 m, forest at an elevation of 2,550-2,750 m, steppe at an elevation of 1,550-2,150 m and desert steppe below 1,550 m. The upstream, midstream, downstream and average annual runoff of the mid-Holocene in the basin were 16.76×108 m3, 22.86×108 m3, 9.00×108 m3 and 16.20×108 m3 respectively, compared to 15.61×108 m3 of modern annual runoff. Also, the area of terminal paleo-lake in the mid-Holocene was 628 km2. Thus, this study provides a new quantitative method for paleo-hydrological simulation.

Key words: SWAT model, inland basin, vegetation reconstruction, runoff simulation, mid-Holocene

Figure 1

The locations of sections and drainage system in the Shiyang River Basin"

Table 1

Elevation, mean annual temperature, precipitation and potential evaporation of three zones in the Shiyang River Basin"

Zones Elevation (m) Temperature (°C) Precipitation (mm) Evaporation (mm)
Qilian Mountains 2,000-5,000 -0.1 300-600 700-1,200
Wuwei sub-basin 1,500-2,000 7.5 150-300 1,200-2,000
Minqin sub-basin 1,300-1,500 8.1 <150 2,000-2,600

Table 2

The average percentage and transport characteristics of each pollen type in different media of six vegetation zones"

Group Pollen Media Vegetation zone types
1 2 3 4 5 6
Group One Betula Surface soil 0.86 1.92 2.33 2.09 2.43 1.40
River 10.15 4.81 3.32 2.40
Lake 0.33 0.19 0.45 0.64 1.06
Air 0.47 0.85 1.46
Picea Surface soil 63.80 70.49 60.56 50.09 23.69 4.53
River 23.95 26.30 14.67 15.20
Lake 78.46 66.18 66.76 46.52 44.27
Air 14.40 1.69 3.18
Sabina Surface soil 0.49 0.25 0.46 0.66 0.84 0.64
River 9.00 6.44 5.33 1.60
Lake 3.10 1.09 1.76 2.78 1.10
Air 1.73 1.69 1.16
Selaginella Surface soil 5.25 2.13 1.52 1.73 0.49 1.91
River 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lake 1.68 1.87 1.28 0.97 0.00
Air 0.00 0.00 0.00
Group Two Ephedra Surface soil 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.00
River 0.80 0.39 0.20 1.20
Lake 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Air 0.87 6.78 1.69
Nitraria Surface soil 0.66 0.87 1.78 2.12 3.86 12.08
River 2.80 2.86 1.08 5.45
Lake 0.00 0.51 0.85 0.91 6.57
Air 8.97 3.39 32.47
Group Three Artemisia Surface soil 0.16 1.44 2.81 9.00 13.10 11.95
River 4.50 9.17 15.45 10.70
Lake 0.00 0.71 1.44 2.20 1.30
Air 6.79 11.02 1.31
Chenopodiaceae Surface soil 0.47 1.20 8.23 9.87 8.62 8.70
River 4.55 7.44 9.98 10.70
Lake 1.01 1.46 5.62 4.35 5.35
Air 13.66 12.71 5.25
Compositae Surface soil 11.79 4.88 9.57 9.62 10.10 11.41
River 2.45 3.43 8.78 13.10
Lake 3.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Air 2.39 0.85 4.95
Gramineae Surface soil 5.73 4.22 7.44 16.03 23.38 25.72
River 10.8 13.89 17.15 17.20
Lake 4.27 1.73 6.12 14.51 3.34
Air 29.65 15.25 14.02
Pinus Surface soil 3.84 2.22 2.16 4.22 4.71 4.79
River 8.45 4.26 6.02 8.75
Lake 3.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Air 1.89 0.85 6.76
Rhamnaceae Surface soil 0.47 0.89 1.64 0.92 0.69 0.24
River 1.25 1.06 0.32 0.00
Lake 3.68 0.92 0.17 0.25 0.39
Air 0.29 0.00 0.30

Table 3

Classification results of the modern pollen samples by discriminant analysis"

Vegetation type Predicted group membership
C D E F G H
C 5 (62.5%) 3 (37.5%) 0 0 0 0
D 0 25 (100%) 0 0 0 0
E 0 0 12 (100%) 0 0 0
F 0 0 1 (14.3%) 5 (71.4%) 1 (14.3%) 0
G 0 0 0 5 (45.5) 6 (54.5%) 0
H 0 0 0 0 0 12 (100%)

Table 4

Six pollen-climate groups based on HCA and MDS analysis"

Group Climatic features Pollen taxa
G1 Warm and dry Arte, Chen, Gram
G2 Dry Nitr, Ephe
G3 Warm Comp, Sabi, Sela
G4 Cold and humid Picea
G5 Cold Betula
G6 Slightly humid Rham, Pinus

Table 5

Mean annual precipitation from four meteorological stations in the Shiyang River Basin"

Station name Station number Elevation (m) Latitude Longitude Mean annual precipitation (mm)
Yongchang 52,674 1,976.9 38.23°N 101.97°E 198.77
Wuwei 52,679 1,531.5 38.08°N 102.92°E 168.45
Minqin 52,681 1,367.5 38.63°N 103.08°E 112.07
Wushaoling 52,787 3,045.1 37.20°N 102.87°E 396.80

Table 6

The pollen-precipitation index P and modern"

Vegetation type Elevation range (m) P Pr
C 3,200-3,600 11.45 /
D 3,000-3,200 29.93 383.69-416.09
E 2,000-2,600 27.55 221.69-318.89
F 1,500-2,000 6.07 140.69-221.69
G 1,300-1,500 2.96 108.29-140.69
H 1,100-1,300 1.69 75.89-108.29

Table 7

The restored terminal lake area of the Shiyang River drainage area"

Paleo-lake embankments Elevation (m) Age Dating method Lake area (km2)
D1 1,308 6,100 (5,700-6,500)

OSL

(a)

 628
D2 6,500 (6,100-6,600)
D3 6,333 (6,279-6,404)

14C dating

(2σ) (cal. a B.P.)
D4 6,810 (6,534-7,156)

Figure 2

The terminal lake of the Shiyang River drainage basin during the mid-Holocene"

Figure 3

Geochemical proxies from upstream, midstream and downstream sections in the Shiyang River drainage basin"

Figure 4

Vegetation types of the Shiyang River Basin during the mid-Holocene"

Figure 5

The compared curve between the simulated month runoff and the measured month runoff during verification period"

Table 8

The average runoff in the Shiyang River Basin"

Region Runoff (m3/a) Average runoff of the whole watershed (m3/a) The range of runoff in 175 sub-basins (m3/a)
Upstream 16.76×108 16.20×108 6.90×107-154.14×108
Midstream 22.86×108
Downstream 9.00×108
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