A meta-analysis of the impacts of forest logging on soil CO2 efflux

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1226.2020.00165

Abstract

Abstract:

Soil CO₂ efflux, the second largest flux in a forest carbon budget, plays an important role in global carbon cycling. Forest logging is expected to have large effects on soil CO₂ efflux and carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems. However, a comprehensive understanding of soil CO₂ efflux dynamics in response to forest logging remains elusive due to large variability in results obtained across individual studies. Here, we used a meta-analysis approach to synthesize the results of 77 individual field studies to determine the impacts of forest logging on soil CO₂ efflux. Our results reveal that forest logging significantly stimulated soil CO₂ efflux of the growing season by 5.02%. However, averaged across all studies, non-significant effect was detected following forest logging. The large variation among forest logging impacts was best explained by forest type, logging type, and time since logging. Soil CO₂ efflux in coniferous forests exhibited a significant increase (4.38%) due to forest logging, while mixed and hardwood forests showed no significant change. Logging type also had a significant effect on soil CO₂ efflux, with thinning increasing soil CO₂ efflux by 12.05%, while clear-cutting decreasing soil CO₂ efflux by 8.63%. The time since logging also had variable effects, with higher soil CO₂ efflux for 2 years after logging, and lower for 3-6 years after logging; when exceeded 6 years, soil CO₂ efflux increased. As significantly negative impacts of forest logging were detected on fine root biomass, the general positive effects on soil CO₂ efflux can be explained by the accelerated decomposition of organic matter as a result of elevated soil temperature and organic substrate quality. Our results demonstrate that forest logging had potentially negative effects on carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.

Key words: soil respiration, forest ecosystem, thinning, clear-cutting, time since logging

LongFei Chen,YangZhou Xiang,ZhiBin He,Jun Du,PengFei Lin,Xi Zhu. A meta-analysis of the impacts of forest logging on soil CO₂ efflux[J].Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2020, 12(3): 165-179.

Figures/Tables 8

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Table 1

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Table S1

Summary of geographic location, forest type, logging type, time since logging, thinning intensity, number of observations, observation period, and response variables for studies included in the meta-analysis"

Reference	Geographic location	Forest type	Logging type	Time since logging (year)	Thinning intensity	Number of observations	Observation period	Response variables
Tian et al., 2009	26°50'N, 109°45'E	Chinese fir plantations	Thinning	0, 2, 4, 6, 8	33%	5	Through the year	SR, ST, SM
Cheng et al., 2014	36°31'N, 112°01'E	Pine plantation	Thinning	0, 1	20%, 30%, 40%	6	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, SOC, LP, FRB
Pang et al., 2013	31°37'N, 103°54'E	Pine plantation	Clear cutting	2, 3, 4	-	6	Through the year	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM
Pang et al., 2016	31°37'N, 103°54'E	Pine plantation	Clear cutting	2, 3, 4	-	9	Through the year	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, SOC, MBC, Soil pH, LP, FRB
Tang et al., 2005	38°53'43"N, 120°37'58"W	Ponderosa pine plantation	Thinning	1	60%	1	Through the year	SR, ST, SM
Londo et al., 1999	30°39'N, 94°05'W	Bottomland hardwood forest	Thinning, Clear cutting	2, 3	58%	4	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM
Sullivan et al., 2008	35°05'N, 111°45'W	Ponderosa pine forests	Thinning	2	67%	1	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, MBC, LP, FRB
Kaye and Hart, 1998	Flagstaff of Arizona, USA	Ponderosa pine forest	Clear cutting	3, 4	-	2	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH, LP, FRB
Boyle et al., 2005	38°16'11"N, 111°44'30"W	Ponderosa pine forest	Thinning, Clear cutting	8	63%	4	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, SOC, MBC, TN, C/N, Soil pH
Grady and Hart, 2006	35°08'N, 111°39'W	Ponderosa pine forest	Thinning	16	40%	1	Growing seasons	SR, SM, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH, LP
Wang et al., 2013	45°20'45"N, 127°34'41"E	Larch plantation	Thinning	27	11%	1	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀, ST, MBC, LP
Nilsen and Strand, 2008	60°48'N, 10°29'E	Norway spruce plantation	Thinning	34	41%, 55%	2	Growing seasons	SR, LP, FRB
Laporte et al., 2003	47°03'N, 87°24'W	Tolerant hardwood forest	Thinning, Clear cutting	2	38%, 50%	3	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM
Selig et al., 2008	Virginia, USA	Loblolly pine plantation	Thinning	15	62%	1	Through the year	SR, ST, SM, SOC
Kurth et al., 2014	47°03'N, 87°24'W	Aspen-dominated forest	Clear cutting	0, 1, 2, 3	-	12	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, SOC
Masyagina et al., 2006	42°44'N, 141°31'E	Larch plantation	Thinning	16	26%	1	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH, LP, FRB
Ma et al., 2004	36°58'N, 119°02'W	Old-growth, mixed-conifer forest	Thinning	2	-	2	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, SOC, TN, LP
Concilio et al., 2005	37°06'N, 19°12'W	Old-growth, mixed-conifer forest	Thinning, Clear cutting	3, 7, 8	-	3	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, LP
Akburak and Makineci, 2015	41°09'15"N, 28°59'17"E	Oak forest	Thinning	2, 3	50%	2	Through the year	SR, ST, SM, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH, LP, FRB
Mallik and Hu, 1997	49°10'N, 88°39'W	Boreal mixedwood forest	Clear cutting	2	-	1	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, SOC
Marra and Edmonds, 1996	47°49'N, 123°54'W	Old-growth forests of the Olympic Mountains	Clear cutting	3	-	1	Through the year	SR
Fernandez et al., 1993	45°10'N, 68°40'W	Old-growth, mixed-conifer forest	Clear cutting	4	-	1	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH
Ryu et al., 2009	California, USA	Old-growth, mixed-conifer forest	Thinning	2	-	2	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH, LP, FRB
David et al., 1994	44°48'N, 85°48'W	Northern hardwood forests	Clear cutting	2	-	2	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀, ST
Olajuyigbe et al., 2012	52°57'N, 7°15'W	Sitka spruce forest	Thinning	2	41.5%	1	Through the year	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM
Weber, 1990	46°00'N, 77°25'W	Immature Aspen forest	Clear cutting	1, 2, 3	-	6	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM
Gordon et al., 1987	65°45'N, 148°15'W	Alaskan white spruce forests	Clear cutting	4, 5	-	2	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM
Kim, 2008	35°27'N, 127°38'E	Red pine forests	Thinning	8	33%	1	Through the year	SR, ST, SM, SOC, Soil pH
Jr, 2005	Missouri, USA	Mature oak-hickory forest	Clear cutting	4	-	2	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM
Masyagina et al., 2010	42°44'N, 141°31'E	Larch forest	Thinning	1.5	26%	1	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, SOC, TN, C/N, LP, FRB
Jonsson and Sigurdsson, 2010	63°51'N, 20°13'W	Poplar plantation	Thinning	1	50%, 80%	2	Growing seasons	SR, ST
Llovet et al., 2015	Murcia, S.E. Spain	Aleppo pine forests	Clear cutting	17	-	1	Through the year	SR
Ohashi et al., 1999	32°49'N, 130°44'E	Japanese cedar forest	Thinning	2, 3, 4	50%	3	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀
Campbell et al., 2009	Sierra Nevada, USA	Ponderosa pine plantation	Thinning	4, 7	65%	2	Growing seasons	SR, LP, FRB
Striegl and Wickland, 1998	53°54'N, 104°41'W	Jack pine-lichen woodland	Clear cutting	2	-	1	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀
Lytle and Cronan, 1999	45°40'N, 69°10'W	Spruce-fir forest	Clear cutting	2	-	1	Growing seasons	SR, ST, LP, FRB
Concilio et al., 2006	36°58'N, 119°02'W	Old-growth, mixed-conifer forest	Thinning	2, 3, 4	-	6	Growing seasons	SR, ST, LP, FRB
Shabaga et al., 2015	44°55'N, 78°50'W	Northern mixed deciduous forest	Thinning	1, 2, 3	24%, 19%	6	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, LP
Fernandez et al., 2012	43°09'N, 7°45'W	Temperate radiata pine plantations	Thinning	2, 3	44%, 29%	4	Through the year	SR, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH, LP
Cheng et al., 2013	31°56'50"N, 121°52′43"E	Coastal Metasequoia glyptostroboides forest	Thinning	9	30%	1	Through the year	SR, SOC, LP
Dore et al., 2010	35°05′20"N, 111°45′43"E	Ponderosa pine forests	Thinning	2	70%	1	Growing seasons	SR, SOC, LP, FRB
Epron et al., 2004	48°40'N, 7°05'E	Beech forest	Thinning	2, 3, 4	26%	3	Through the year	SR, ST
Misson et al., 2005	38°53'42"N, 120°37'57"E	Young ponderosa pine plantation	Thinning	2, 3, 4	60%	3	Through the year	SR
Son et al., 2004	37°33'N, 127°34'E	Japanese Larch Plantation	Thinning	4	10%, 20%, 40%	3	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM
Liang et al., 2013	37°18'N, 116°15'E	Chinese arborvitae plantation	Thinning	8	31%, 49%	2	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, SOC, LP, FRB
Ulrike et al., 2010	Labrador, Canada	Black spruce forest	Clear cutting	4	-	1	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, LP
Hagemann et al., 2008	49°07'N, 57°18'W	Balsam fir forest	Clear cutting	2	-	1	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH,
Kobziar et al., 2006	Sierra Nevada, USA	Pine plantation	Thinning	2	39%	1	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM
Dore et al., 2014	38°54'N, 120°39'W	Mixed-conifer forest	Clear cutting	2	-	1	Through the year	SR, ST, SM, SOC, LP, FRB
Wang et al., 2007	42°24'N, 128°06'E	Korean pine forests	Clear cutting	15	-	1	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH, LP, FRB
Liang et al., 2015	41°44'N, 127°12'E	Poplar-birch forests	Thinning	7	19%, 55%	2	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀, SOC, C/N, Soil pH, LP, FRB
Wang, 2013	40°12'N, 115°54'E	Chinese pine plantation	Thinning	2	37%, 44%, 55%	3	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, SOC, LP, FRB
Wang, 2015	44°27'N, 128°01'E	Larch plantation	Thinning	17	15%, 40%	2	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀, SOC, MBC, C/N , Soil pH, LP, FRB
Ling, 2012	36°36'N, 119°01'E	Chinese fir plantation	Thinning	6	65%, 45%, 25%	3	Through the year	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH, LP, FRB
Ding, 2015	22°41'N, 109°45'E	Chinese fir plantation	Thinning	2	50%	1	Through the year	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH, MBC, LP, FRB
Lei, 2015	30°59'N, 110°47'E	Pinus massoniana forest	Thinning	2	15%, 70%	2	Through the year	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, Soil pH, LP
Yang, 2005	26°28'N, 117°57'E	Chinese fir plantation	Clear cutting	2	-	1	Through the year	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, LP
Xia, 2013	34°49'N, 106°43'E	Sharptooth oak forest	Clear cutting	2	-	1	Through the year	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, LP
Kang et al., 2014	34°07'N, 105°42'E	Sharptooth oak forest	Clear cutting	1.5	-	1	Through the year	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH
Ning et al., 2013	29°10'N, 118°03'E	Subtropical evergreen broadleaf forests	Clear cutting	51	-	1	Through the year	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH, MBC
Neal et al., 2004	45°12'N, 68°44'E	Howland forest	Thinning	2, 3	30%	2	Growing seasons	SR
Rannik et al., 2002	61°51'N, 24°17'E	Scots pine forest	Clear cutting	2	-	1	Through the year	SR, ST, SM
Mattson and Smith, 1993	79°47'N, 39°37'E	Typical mid-Appalachian forests	Clear cutting	-	-	1	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, SOC, LP, FRB
Meng et al., 2008	46°53'N, 129°04'E	Conifer/ broad-leaved mixed forests	Thinning	2	13%, 20%, 29%, 39%, 52%, 60%, 71%	7	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, SOC
Mallik and Hu, 1997	49°10'N, 88°39'W	Boreal forest	Clear cutting	1	-	1	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, SOC
Toland and Zak, 1994	44°48'N, 85°48'W	Northern hardwood forests	Clear cutting	0.5	-	2	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀
Liu et al., 2013	36°31'N, 112°15'W	Pinus tabulaeformis plantation	Thinning	0.5	20%, 30%, 40%	3	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM, FRB
Martin et al., 2009	48°57'N, 63°37'W	Boreal forests	Clear cutting	1	-	1	Growing seasons	SR
Ma et al., 2013	29°08'N, 117°55'E	Subtropical forest	Clear cutting	0	-	1	Through the year	SR, SOC, TN, Soil pH
Lee and Mun, 2010	Kongju, Korea	Larix leptolepisplantation	Clear cutting	-	-	1	Growing seasons	SR, ST, SM
Tang et al., 2013	29°55'N, 113°32'E	Phyllostachys edulis forest	Thinning	0	23%	1	Through the year	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, SOC, TN,
Guo et al., 2010	26°7′ N, 117°27'E	Chinese fir plantation, evergreen broadleaved forest	Clear cutting	1, 2	-	4	Through the year	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM
Pumpanen et al., 2004	61°48′ N, 24°19'E	Scots pine forests	Clear cutting	1, 2	-	4	Growing seasons	SR
Fang et al., 2016	32°22'N, 119°15'E	Poplar Plantation	Clear cutting	3	30%, 50%	3	Through the year	SR, ST
Hu et al., 2013	26°48'N, 117°59'E	Chinese fir plantation	Clear cutting	15	-	1	Through the year	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH
Zuo et al., 2016	43°57'N, 127°44'E	Broadleaf-Korean pine forest	Thinning	0.5, 1.5, 2.5	15%, 25%, 50%	9	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM
He et al., 2018	38°31'N, 103°15'E	Semi-arid Pine plantation forest	Thinning	13, 14	20%, 40%	4	Growing seasons	SR, Q₁₀, ST, SM, SOC, TN, C/N, Soil pH, LP, FRB

Table S1

Figure S1

Table S2

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Variable	Percentage change	Sample size (n)
Soil CO₂ efflux	2.18%±1.57%	192
Soil temperature	8.97%±0.60%	136
Soil moisture	6.25%±2.52%	131
Soil organic carbon	-0.58%±2.03%	58
Total nitrogen	1.42%±4.34%	31
Soil C:N ratios	-4.53%±1.18%	30
Soil microbial biomass carbon	-2.23%±3.42%	22
Soil pH	1.64%±0.63%	26
Litter production	-20.29%±3.46%	29
Fine root biomass	-23.44%±5.77%	41

Factor	Levels
Forest type	Hardwood, coniferous, mixed
Logging type	Thinning, clear cutting
Time since logging	0-2, 2-6, >6 years
Thinning intensity	<30%, 30%-50%, >50%

A meta-analysis of the impacts of forest logging on soil CO₂ efflux

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