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Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions ›› 2022, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (1): 1–22.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2022.21049.

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  • 收稿日期:2020-12-03 接受日期:2021-08-09 出版日期:2022-02-28 发布日期:2022-03-03

Research progress on behaviors and environmental effects of mercury in the cryosphere of the Tibetan Plateau: a critical review

ShiWei Sun1,4,ShiChang Kang1,3,4(),QiangGong Zhang2,3,JunMing Guo1,4,XueJun Sun2,4   

  1. 1.State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
    2.Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
    3.CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
    4.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • Received:2020-12-03 Accepted:2021-08-09 Online:2022-02-28 Published:2022-03-03
  • Contact: ShiChang Kang E-mail:shichang.kang@lzb.ac.cn

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Abstract:

The behavior and fates of environmental pollutants within the cryosphere and the associated environmental impacts are of increasing concerns in the context of global warming. The Tibetan Plateau (TP), also known as the "Third Pole", represents one of the most important cryospheric regions in the world. Mercury (Hg) is recognized as a global pollutant. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of Hg concentration levels, pools and spatio-temporal distribution in cryospheric environments (e.g., glacier, permafrost), and its transfer and potential cycle in the TP cryospheric region. Transboundary transport of anthropogenic Hg from the surrounding heavily-polluted regions, such as South and Southeast Asia, provides significant sources of atmospheric Hg depositions onto the TP cryosphere. We concluded that the melting of the cryosphere on the TP represents an increasing source of Hg and brings a risk to the TP environment. In addition, global warming acts as an important catalyst accelerating the release of legacy Hg from the melting cryosphere, adversely impacting ecosystems and biological health. Furthermore, we emphasize on the remaining gaps and proposed issues needed to be addressed in future work, including enhancing our knowledge on some key release pathways and the related environmental effects of Hg in the cryospheric region, integrated observation and consideration of Hg distribution, migration and cycle processes at a key region, and uses of Hg isotopic technical and Hg models to improve the understanding of Hg cycling in the TP cryospheric region.

Key words: mercury, cryosphere, environmental effects, Tibetan Plateau

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Glacier nameStudy regionSample typeDepth (cm)DateELA (m a.s.l.)

Altitude

(m a.s.l.)

THg (ng/L)PHgReference
mean±SDrange
LHG (the Laohugou No.12 Glacier)Northeastern TPFresh snow and aged Snow surface ice0-5July, 20134,8004,452-5,0385.1±8.8<1-39.7-Huang et al., 2014
4,400-4,90096.920.1-306.5-
MZ (Muztagata Glacier)Northwestern TPCoarse-grained snow0-5July, 20104,800-5,2005,400-5,8008.6±3.1<4-13-Huang et al., 2012b
GQ (Guoqu Glacier)Central TPCoarse-grained snow0-5April, 2009>5,3005,200-5,7003.6±1.12.5-7.5-Huang et al., 2012b
Ice core0-147 mNovember, 2005>5,3005,7500.8±0.8<0.5-9.8-Kang et al., 2016
XDKMD (the Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier)Central TPSurface snow0-5May-October, 20155,6205,400-5,70030.6±53.91.0-246.972.9%Paudyal et al., 2017
ZD (Zhadang Glacier)Southern TPCoarse-grained snow0-5May, 20095,7505,500-5,7500.9±0.3<1-1.5-Huang et al., 2012b
Fresh snow0-5August, September, 20115,7505,550-5,8000.7±0.20.4-1.4-Sun et al., 2018a
QY (Qiangyong Glacier)Southern TPSurface snow0-5August, 20125,6005,101-5,5978.8±0.57.6-10.671.9%Sun et al., 2016
ER (East Rongbuk Glacier)Southern edge of the TPCoarse-grained snow0-5October, 20106,4196,300-6,5502.2±0.61-3-Huang et al., 2012b
Intensive surface snow coarse-grained snow0-5April, 20166,4196,2803.9±1.22.6-6.470.7%±6.6%Sun et al., 2018a
Fine-grained snow0-5April, 20166,4196,300-6,70019.1±16.59.6-69.887.8%±6.0%
Surface ice0-5April, 20166,4196,250-6,40021.3±30.07.6-90.789.7%±6.0%
YL (The Baishui No.1 Glacier)Southeastern TPAged snow0-5May-August, 20154,9004,640-4,80037±263.1-137.855%Paudyal et al., 2019

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Glacier nameStudy regionSample typeDate

Altitude

(m a.s.l.)

THg (ng/L)PHgExport flux (g/a)Reference
mean± SDrange
LHGNortheastern TPSupraglacial streamwaterJuly, 2013-1.10.9-1.2--Huang et al., 2014
Proglacial streamwater-22.820.3-25.3--
XDKMDCentral TPGlacial-fed riverwater (daily)July-August, 20155,058-5,26318.6±17.86.6-92.5--Paudyal et al., 2017
Glacial-fed riverwater (hourly)August, 20155,22018.9±6.77.7-37.3-747.43
ZDSouthern TPSupraglacial streamwaterAugust-September, 20115,5802.4±1.0-87.7%-Sun et al., 2017b
Proglacial riverwaterAugust-September, 20115,5451.1±0.8-79%8.76
Glacial-fed riverwater (hourly, UPMP)August, 20115,4000.8±0.4-86.2%7.3
Glacial-fed riverwater (hourly, DMP)August, 20114,7401.2±0.3-83.6%157.85
QYSouthern TPProglacial lakewaterAugust, 20124,7700.9±0.40.4-1.8--Sun et al., 2016
Glacial-fed riverwater4,869-4,8911.1-2.5---
ERSouthern edge of the TPSupraglacial lakewaterApril, 20166,2786.8±1.05.8-7.983%-Sun et al., 2018a
Supraglacial streamwaterApril, 20165,7504.6±0.44.2-5.079%-
Proglacial lakewaterApril, 20165,2142.2±0.21.9-2.458%-
Glacial-fed riverwaterApril, 20165,1511.9±0.41.5-2.341%-
YLSoutheastern TPSnow meltwater beneath the snowpitMay, 2015-21.2±7.810-36--Paudyal et al., 2019

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SitesSite typePeriodAnnual precipitation (mm)Volume-weighted mean concentration (ng/L)

Mean THg

(ng/L)

PHg

Wet deposition

flux (μg/(m2·a))

Reference
THgMeHgTHgMeHg
Muztag Station, Northwestern TPRemoteJuly-October, 2010200--10.3±11.569.5%2.1-Huang, 2011
Laohugou Station, Northeastern TPRemoteJuly-October, 2010369--32.9±54.677.1%12.1-Huang, 2011
Nam Co Station, Southern TPRemote2009-2011364.94.8±5.90.036.1±6.971.2%1.750.01Huang et al., 2012b
SET Station, Southeastern TPRemote2010-20129784.00.113.4±1.643.6%3.90.11Huang et al., 2015
Two sites in central HimalayaRemote2011-2012---6.5-7.163%-80%--Tripathee et al., 2019
Mt.Gongga, Southeastern TPRural2005-20071,81814.30.16--26.10.30Fu et al., 2010a
Dhunche, central HimalayaRural2011-2012-6.7-8.0±8.360%15.9-Tripathee et al., 2019
Yulong Station, Southeastern TPUrbanAugust-October, 2010921--11.4±5.892.6%10.5-Huang, 2011
Lhasa, Capital of TibetUrban201035924.8-32.6±34.977%±12%8.2-Huang et al., 2013
Kathmandu, NepalUrban2011-2012-18.3-19.8±18.359%34.9-Tripathee et al., 2019
Mt. Changbai, northeastern ChinaAlpine2005-200663013.3---8.4-Wan et al., 2009
Mt. Leigong, southwestern ChinaAlpine2008-20091,5334.00.040--6.10.06Fu et al., 2010b
Pengjiayu, Taiwan, ChinaRemote20091,4388.85---10.18-Sheu and Lin, 2013
Three sites in southwestern ChinaRural to Suburban2005-20061,120-1,23012.9-32.3---16.8-29.0-Wang et al., 2009
Beijing, ChinaUrban1994-1995647224---115-Liu, 1997
Changchun, ChinaUrban1999-2000567354---152.4-Fang et al., 2004
Kodiak, USASub-Arctic20082,5002.1---5.2-MDN, 2010
Experimental Lakes Area, CanadaBoreal1992-19947304.00.052--2.90.04Louis et al., 1995
Churchill, CanadaSub-Arctic20073326.2---0.54-Sanei et al., 2010
North America MDN (>100 sites)Remote to industrial2008-2.1-18.7---1.9-25.0-MDN, 2010
KoreaRural2006-20081,0628.8---9.4-Ahn et al., 2011
Durham, USARural2007, 2008114-1608-8.1---8.4-12.3-Lombard et al., 2011
New York, USARural2003-20051105.5---5.9-Lai et al., 2007
Eastern Ohio, USAUrban2003, 2004-13.5-14---13.5-19.7-Keeler et al., 2006
Toronto, CanadaUrban2005-2008-22.0---18.60-Zhang et al., 2012b
Seoul, KoreaUrban2006, 20071,235-1,64510.1-16.3---16.8-20.2-Seo et al., 2012

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SiteStudy regionMountain rangeSample typeDepth (cm)Date

Altitude

(m a.s.l.)

THg (ng/L)PHgReference
mean±SDrange
the Laohugou No.12 GlacierNortheastern TPQiliansnowpit0-130October, 20085,02610.8±44.9-19.9-Zhang et al., 2012a
2 snowpits0-40July, 20135,0408.8, 10.6<1-50-Huang et al., 2014
Muztag GlacierNorthwestern TPKunlunsnowpit0-150July, 20105,7253.2±0.91.2-4.3-Zhang et al., 2012a
Guoqu GlacierCentral TPTanggula2 snowpits0-90October, November, 20055,750; 5,8203.7±2.41.2-8.3-Loewen et al., 2007
snowpit0-70April, 20095,7650.9±0.8<0.3-2-Zhang et al., 2012a
Xiao Dongkemadi GlacierCentral TPTanggula2 snowpits0-45June, July, 20155,6781.9, 4.30.47-10.0564.3%, 81.0%Paudyal et al., 2017
Zhadang GlacierSouthern TPNyainqêntanglhasnowpit0-110, 0-40June, October, 20065,8007.0±8.8,7.1±6.92.3-43.2-Loewen et al., 2007
snowpit0-200September, 20085,7588.1±9.20.8-38.2-Zhang et al., 2012a
snowpit0-210May, 20095,7975.5±6.20.3-22.2-Zhang et al., 2012a
9 snowpits0-45August, September, 20115,8002-6.9<1-20.876.6%Huang et al., 2012a
Demula GlacierSouthern TP

Kangri Garpo in

Eastern Himalaya

snowpit0-180September, 20085,4044.9±3.50.4-11-Zhang et al., 2012a
East Rongbuk GlacierSouthern edge of the TPMiddle Himalayassnowpit0-150April, 20056,5361.7±0.80.5-3-Loewen et al., 2007
snowpit0-115May, 20096,5251.1±1.30.3-6.5-Zhang et al., 2012a
snowpit0-140April, 20166,4602.8±5.01.5-21.178.3%±10.3%Sun et al., 2018
Baishui No.1 GlacierSoutheastern TPHengduansnowpit0-295May, 20094,7473.5±2.21-7.5-Zhang et al., 2012a
3 snowpits90, 110, 160May, 20154,7001.25-1.650.01-3.855%Paudyal et al., 2019
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