Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions ›› 2015, Vol. 7 ›› Issue (2): 111120.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2015.00111
• ARTICLES •
Estimate the influence of snow grain size and black carbon on albedo
ZhongMing Guo1,2, NingLian Wang1, XiaoBo Wu1, HongBo Wu1, YuWei Wu1
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China;
2. School of Environment Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210017, China
Estimate the influence of snow grain size and black carbon on albedo
ZhongMing Guo1,2, NingLian Wang1, XiaoBo Wu1, HongBo Wu1, YuWei Wu1
- 1. State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China;
2. School of Environment Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210017, China
摘要: Estimation of the influence of snow grain size and black carbon on albedo is essential in obtaining the accurate albedo. In this paper, field measurement data, including snow grain size, snow depth and density was obtained. Black carbon samples were collected from the snow surface. A simultaneous observation using Analytical Spectral Devices was employed in the Qiyi Glacier located in the Qilian Mountain. Analytical Spectral Devices spectrum data were used to analyze spectral reflectance of snow for different grain size and black carbon content. The measurements were compared with the results obtained from the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation model, and the simulation was found to correlate well with the observed data. However, the simulated albedo was near to 0.98 times of the measured albedo, so the other factors were assumed to be constant using the corrected Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation model to estimate the influence of measured snow grain size and black carbon on albedo. Field measurements were controlled to fit the relationship between the snow grain size and black carbon in order to estimate the influence of these factors on the snow albedo.
Aoki T, Tanaka T, 2008. Atmospheric aerosol deposition impact on snow albedo. Tenki, 55(7): 538-546. Aoki Te, Aoki Ta, Fukabori M, et al., 2000. Effects of snow physical parameters on spectral albedo and bidirectional reflectance of snow surface. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105(D8): 10219-10236. DOI: 10.1029/1999JD901122. Aoki T, Motoyoshi H, Kodama Y, et al., 2006. Atmospheric aerosol deposition on snow surfaces and its effect on albedo. SOLA, 2: 13-16. DOI: 10.2151/sola.2006-004. Arai T, 1966. On the relationship between albedo and the properties of snow. Japanese Progress in Climatology, Tokyo University of Education, pp. 88-95. Bai ZY, Tetsuo O, 1989. Variation of albedo on the Glacier No.1 at the headwater of Urumqi River, Tianshan Mountains, during the summer ablation period. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 11(4): 311-324. Bergen JD, 1975. A possible relation of albedo to the density and grain size of natural snow cover. Water Resources Research, 11(5): 745-746. DOI: 1029/WR011i005p00745. Cachier H, Pertuisot MH, 1994. Particulate carbon in arctic ice: Ice archives in Antarctica and Greenland. Analusis, 22: 34-37. Cao JJ, Lee SC, Ho KF, et al., 2003. Characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol in Pearl River Delta region, China during 2001 winter period. Atmospheric Environment, 37(11): 1451-1460. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01002-6. Chow JC, Watson JG, Chen LWA, et al., 2004. Equivalence of elemental carbon by Thermal/Optical Reflectance and Transmittance with different temperature protocols. Environmental Science & Technology 38: 4414-4422. DOI: 10.1021/es034936u. Chýlek P, Ramaswamy V, Srivastava V, 1983. Albedo of soot-contaminated snow. Journal of Geophysical Research, 88: 10837-10843. DOI: 10.1029/JC088iC15p10837. Chýlek P, Srivastava V, Cahenzli L, et al., 1987. Aerosol and graphitic carbon content of snow. Journal of Geophysical Research, 92(D8): 9801-9809. DOI: 10.1029/JD092Id08p09801. Clarke AD, Noone KJ, 1985. Soot in the Arctic snowpack: a cause for perturbations in radiative transfer. Atmospheric Environment, 19(12): 2045-2053. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmoscnv.2007.10.059. Doherty SJ, Warren SG, Grenfell TC, et al., 2010. Light-absorbing impurities in Arctic snow. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10: 11647-11680. DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-11647-2010. Douville H, Royer JF, Mahfouf JF, 1995. A new snow parameterization for the Meteo-France climate model Part I: Validation in standalone experiments. Climate Dynamics, 12(1): 21-35. Dozier J, Marks D, 1987. Snow mapping and classification from Landsat Thematic Mapper data. Annals of Glaciology, 9: 97-103. Flanner MG, Zender CS, 2006. Linking snowpack microphysics and albedo evolution. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111: D12208. DOI: 10.1029/2005JD006834. Flanner MG, Zender CS, Randerson JT, et al., 2007. Present-day climate forcing and response from black carbon in snow. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112: D11202. DOI: 10.1029/2006JD008003. Gow AJ, 1969. On the rates of growth of grains and crystals in South Polar firn. Journal of Glaciology, 8: 242-252. Green RO, Dozier J, Roberts D, et al., 2002. Spectral snow reflectance models for grain size and liquid water fraction in melting snow for the solar reflected spectrum. Annals of Glaciology, 34(1): 71-73. DOI: 10.3189/172756402781817987. Grenfell TC, Neshyba SP, Warren SG, 1999. Representation of a nonsperical ice particle by a collection of independent spheres for scattering and absorption of radiation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(D24): 31697-31709. DOI: 10.1029/2005JD005811. Greuell W, Reijmer CH, Oerlemans J, 2002. Narrowband-to-broadband albedo conversion for glacier ice and snow based on aircraft and near-surface measurements. Remote Sensing of Environment, 82(1): 48-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2003.10.010. Hadley OL, Kirchstetter TW, 2012. Black-carbon reduction of snow albedo. Nature Climate Change, 2: 437-440. DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1433. Hansen J, Nazarenko L, 2004. Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences of the United States of America, 101(2): 423-428. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2237157100. Hao XH, 2009. Retrieval of alpine snow cover area and grain size basing on optical remote sensing. D. S. thesis, Cold and Arid Regions Environment Engineering Research Institute, Lanzhou, China, pp. 103-104. Hobbs PV, 1974. Ice Physics. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Huo AD, Zhang GJ, Wang GL, 2010. Methodology of the land surface wide band albedo retrieving in desertification area with MODIS data—A case study in Xinjiang Aeolian desertification regions. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 25(1): 212-215. Hyvärinen T, Lammasniemi J, 1987. Infrared measurement of free-water content and grain size of snow. Optical Engineering, 26(4): 342-348. DOI: 10.1117/12.7974077. IPCC, 2007. Fourth Assessment Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge and New York. Jacobson MZ, 2004. Climate response of fossil fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for soot's feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109: D211201. DOI: 10.1029/2004JD004945. Jiang X, 2006. Progress in the research of snow and ice albedo. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 28(5): 728-738. Jin ZH, Charlock TP, Yang P, et al., 2008. Snow optical properties for different particle shapes with application to snow grain size retrieval and MODIS/CERES radiance comparison over Antarctica. Remote Sensing of Environment, 112: 3563-3581. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2008.04.011. LaChapelle ER, 1969. Field Guide to Snow Crystals. University of Washington Press. Lavanchy VMH, Gäggeler HW, Schotterer U, et al., 1999b. Historical record of carbonaceous particle concentrations from a European high-alpine glacier (Colle Gnifetti, Switzerland). Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(D17): 21227-21236. DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900408. Lavanchy VMH, Gäggeler HW, Nyeki S, et al., 1999a. Elemental carbon (EC) and black carbon (BC) measurements with a thermal method and an aethalometer at the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch. Atmospheric Environment, 33(17): 2759-2769. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00328-8. Liljequist GH, 1956. Energy exchange of an Anctarctic snowfield. Short-wave radiation (Maudheim, 71°03'S, 10°56'W). Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1949-52, Scientific Results, Vol. 2, Part 1A, Norsk Polarinstitutt. Loth B, Graf HF, 1998. Modeling the snow cover in climate studies 1. Long-term integrations under different climatic conditions using a multilayered snow-cover model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(D10): 11313-11327. DOI: 10.1029/97JD01411. Lyapustin A, Tedesco M, Wang YJ, et al., 2009. Retrieval of snow grain size over Greenland from MODIS. Remote Sensing Environment, 113: 1976-1987. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2009.05.008. Markvart T, Castaner L, 2003. Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford: Elsevier. Marshall S, Oglesby R, 1994. An improved snow hydrology for GCMs. Part 1: Snow cover fraction, albedo, grain size, and age. Climate Dynamics, 10(1-2): 21-38. DOI: 10.1007/BF00210334. Ming J, Xiao CD, Cachier H, et al., 2009. Black Carbon (BC) in the snow of glaciers in west China and its potential effects on albedos. Atmospheric Research, 92(1): 114-123. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.09.007. Ming J, Xiao CD, Sun JY, 2005. The general statement on the measuring methods for black carbon in snow and ice. Progress in Geophysics, 20(3): 859-863. Mote PW, 2003. Trends in snow water equivalent in the Pacific Northwest and their climatic causes. Geophysical Research Letter, 30(12): 1601. DOI: 10.1029/2003GL017258. Motoyoshi H, Aoki Te, Hori M, et al., 2005. Possible effect of anthropogenic aerosol deposition on snow albedo reduction at Shinjo, Japan. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 83A: 137-148. DOI: 10.2151/jmsj.83A.137. Mugnai A, Wiscombe WJ, 1987. Scattering of radiation by moderately nonspherical particles. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 37: 1291-1307. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<1291:SORBMN>2.0.CO;2. Nakaya V, 1954. Snow Crystals: Natural and Artificial. Harvard University Press, pp. 199-220. Nolin AW, Dozier J, 1993. Estimating snow grain size using AVIRIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 44: 231-238. DOI: 10.1016/0034-4257(93)90018-S. Nolin AW, Dozier J, 2000. A hyperspectral method for remotely sensing the grain size of snow. Remote Sensing of Environment, 74: 207-216. DOI: 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00111-5. Oki T, Kanae S, 2006. Global hydrological cycles and world water resources. Science, 313: 1067-1072. DOI: 10.1126/science.1128845. Pu JC, Yao TD, Duan KQ, et al., 2005. Mass balance of the Qiyi Glacier in the Qilian Mountain: A new observation. Journal of Glaciolgy and Geocryology, 27: 199-204. Qian Y, Gustafson WI, Leung LR, et al., 2009. Effects of soot-induced snow albedo change on snowpack and hydrological cycle in West United States based on Weather Research and Forecasting chemistry and regional climate simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114: D03108. DOI: 10.1029/2008JD011039. Reay HJ, Franc JL, King MD, 2012. Decreased albedo, e-folding depth and photolytic OH radical and NO2 production with increasing black carbon content in Arctic snow. Journal of Geophysical Research, 117: D00R20. DOI: 10.1029/2011JD016630. Schmid H, Laskus L, Abraham HJ, et al., 2001. Results of the "carbon conference" international aerosol carbon round robin test stage I. Atmospheric Environment, 35(12): 2111-2121. DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00493-3. Verseghy DL, 1991. Class-A Canadian land surface scheme for GCMs. I. Soil model. International Journal of Climatology, 11(2): 111-133. DOI: 10.1002/joc.3370110202. Wang M, Xu BQ, Wu GJ, et al., 2010. Carbonaceous aerosols recorded in ice core in Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Advances in Climate Change Research, 6(3): 175-180. Warren SG, 1984. Impurities in snow: effects on albedo and snowmelt. Annals of Glaciology, 5: 177-179. Warren SG, Clarke AD, 1990. Soot in the atmosphere and snow surface of Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95(D2): 1811-1816. DOI: 10.1029/JD095iD02p01811. Warren SG, Wiscombe WJ, 1980. A model for the spectral albedo of snow: II. Snow containing atmospheric aerosols. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 37(12): 2734-2745. Warren SG, Wiscombe WJ, 1985. Dirty snow after nuclear war. Nature, 313: 469-470. DOI: 10.1038/313467a0. Wiscombe WJ, Warren SG, 1980. A model for the spectral albedo of snow, I: Pure snow. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 37(12): 2712-2733. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0469 (1980)037<2712:AMFTSA>2.0.CO;2. Wu HB, He JQ, Guo ZM, et al., 2013. The temporal and spatial change of snow depth in Ulugh Muztagh area derived from HJ-1 satellite. Geographical Research, 32(10): 1782-1791. Xu BQ, Wang M, Joswiak DR, et al., 2009. Deposition of anthropogenic aerosols in a southeastern Tibetan glacier. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114: D17209. DOI: 10.1029/2008JD011510. Xu BQ, Yao TD, Liu XQ, et al., 2006. Elemental and organic carbon measurements with a two-step heating-gas chromatography system in snow samples from the Tibetan Plateau. Annals of Glaciology, 43(1): 257-262. DOI: 10.3189/172756406781812122. Yao TD, Wang YQ, Liu SY, et al., 2004. Recent glacial retreat in High Asia in China and its impact on water resource in Northwest China. Science in China (Series D: Earth Sciences), 47(12): 1065-1075. DOI: 10.1360/03yd0256. Yasunari TJ, Koster RD, Lau KM, et al., 2011. Influence of dust and black carbon on the snow albedo in the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 land surface model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 116: D02210. DOI: 10.1029/2010JD014861. Zender CS, Gallet JC, Dominé F, et al., 2009. Albedo Reduction by Black Carbon in Snow: Measurements and Implications. Geophysical Research Letter. |
[1] | HeWen Niu, XiaoFei Shi, Gang Li, JunHua Yang, ShiJin Wang. Characteristics of total suspended particulates in the atmosphere of Yulong Snow Mountain, southwestern China[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2018, 10(3): 207-218. |
[2] | YuLan Zhang, ShiChang Kang, Min Xu, Michael Sprenger, TanGuang Gao, ZhiYuan Cong, ChaoLiu Li, JunMing Guo, ZhiQiang Xu, Yang Li, Gang Li, XiaoFei Li, YaJun Liu, HaiDong Han. Light-absorbing impurities on Keqikaer Glacier in western Tien Shan: concentrations and potential impact on albedo reduction[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(2): 97-111. |
[3] | ShaoYing Wang, Yu Zhang, ShiHua Lyu, LunYu Shang, YouQi Su, HanHui Zhu. Radiation balance and the response of albedo to environmental factors above two alpine ecosystems in the eastern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(2): 142-157. |
|