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Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions ›› 2019, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (3): 194-207.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2019.00194.

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Assessing the impacts of ecological-living-productive land changes on eco-environmental quality in Xining City on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

ZiYi Gao1,HaiFeng Zhang1(),XiaoNan Yang2,ZhiYuan Song3   

  1. 1. School of Geographical Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai 810008, China
    2. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
    3. Department of Computer Science and Technology, Lvliang University, Lvliang, Shanxi 033000, China
  • Received:2019-02-07 Revised:2019-04-27 Online:2019-06-30 Published:2019-07-01
  • Contact: HaiFeng Zhang E-mail:haifzhang@126.com

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Abstract:

The Ecological-living-productive land (ELPL) classification system was proposed in an effort to steer China’s land pattern to an ecological-centered path, with the development model shifting from a single function into more integrated multi-function land use. The focus is coordinating the man-land contradictions and developing an intensive, efficient and sustainable land use policy in an increasingly tense relationship between humans and nature. Driven by socioeconomic change and rapid population growth, many cities are undergoing urban sprawl, which involves the consumption of cropland and ecological land and threatens the ecological balance. This paper aims to quantitatively analyze the critical effects of ELPL changes on eco-environmental quality according to land use classification based on leading function of ecology, living and production from 1990 to 2015 with a case study of Xining City. Also, four future land use scenarios were simulated for 2030 using the Future Land Use Simulation (FLUS) model that couples human and natural effects. Our results show a decrease in productive land (PL) and an increase in ecological land (EL) and living land (LL) in Xining City. Forestry ecological land (FEL) covered the top largest proportion; agriculture productive land (APL) showed the greatest reduction and urban and rural living land (U-RLL) presented a dramatic increase. The eco-environmental quality improved in 1990-2010, mainly affected by the conversion of APL to FEL and GEL. However, the encroachment of U-RLL into APL, other ecological land (OEL) and FEL was the main contributor to the decline in eco-environmental quality in 2010-2015 as well as the primary reason for the increase area of lower-quality. The Harmonious Development (HD)-Scenario, characterized by a rational allocation of LL and PL and a better eco-environment, would have implications for planning and monitoring future management of ELPL, and may represent a valuable reference for local policy-makers.

Key words: land use, productive-living-ecological land changes, eco-environmental quality, FLUS model, Xining City

Figure 1

Study area location of Xining City"

Table 1

The Ecological-living-productive land (ELPL) classification and eco-environmental quality index"

The leading function of ELPL Land use types Eco-environmental quality index
First classification Second classification
Productive land Agricultural productive land Paddy field 0.30
Dry land 0.25
Industry productive land Industrial Park 0.20
Ecological land Forestry ecological land Woodland 0.95
Shrubbery 0.65
Sparse shrub 0.45
Other woodland 0.40
Grass ecological land High coverage grassland 0.75
Medium coverage grassland 0.45
Low coverage grassland 0.20
Water ecological land Canal 0.55
Lake 0.75
Reservoir pits 0.55
Permanent glacier snow 0.90
Mudflats 0.45
Flats 0.55
Other ecological land Sand 0.01
Gobi 0.01
Saline 0.05
Marshland 0.65
Bare land 0.05
Bare exposed rock 0.01
Living land Urban and rural living land Transportation 0.20
Urban land 0.20
Rural settlement 0.20

Figure 2

Flow chart of the FLUS model"

Table 2

Parameters determination for the four scenarios in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Liu et al. (2017b))"

Scenarios SD-scenario HD-scenario FD-scenario BD-scenario
Factors Annual population growth (%/a) 0.85 0.80 1.40 0.91
Annual economic growth (%/a) 7.24 8.12 10.03 8.50
Annual precipitation change (%/a) 0.1162 4.0761 4.3072 2.948
Annual temperature change (%/a) 0.0044 0.0681 0.0681 0.0451

Figure 3

First classification of ecological-living-productive land in Xining City"

Figure 4

Areas of ecological-living-productive land (a) and eco-environmental quality grade (b) from 1990-2015. APL:"

Table 3

Transition matrix of land use types in Xining City during 1990-2000 (hm2)"

1990 2000
APL IPL FEL GEL WEL OEL U-RLL
APL 18,181.24 122.81 590.77 102.19 0.75 48.25 530.57
IPL 26.05 165.92 0.36 1.63 - 3.12 0.29
FEL 104.21 0.28 16,681.27 3.7 10.43 0.74 26.26
GEL 167.42 0.24 5.89 3,544.74 - 0.07 3.61
WEL 0.18 - 0.23 - 264.48 - 0.27
OEL 64.11 0.07 1.80 0.34 5.78 808.51 17.45
U-RLL 129.04 0.35 5.11 4.77 0.21 0.69 6,634.11

Table 4

Transition matrix of land use types in Xining City during 2000-2010 (hm2)"

2000 2010
APL IPL FEL GEL WEL OEL U-RLL
APL 11,169.26 266.01 4,099.48 695.86 14.39 117.98 2,277.27
IPL 3.40 283.38 1.32 0.04 - 0.12 1.40
FEL 204.55 26.42 16,574.12 280.83 13.22 54.50 98.86
GEL 64.69 17.48 282.34 3,213.35 3.80 21.82 52.68
WEL 1.71 - 8.30 4.34 249.09 3.94 14.37
OEL 19.87 5.06 62.01 32.50 6.11 702.08 36.44
U-RLL 83.70 28.97 79.46 36.65 11.87 26.84 7,007.71

Table 5

Transition matrix of land use types in Xining City during 2010-2015 (hm2)"

2010 2015
APL IPL FEL GEL WEL OEL U-RLL
APL 8,460.59 68.64 260.72 96.98 3.59 119.61 2,539.86
IPL 5.90 555.48 3.37 4.29 - 0.54 57.81
FEL 292.10 22.02 20,162.59 342.13 10.60 57.61 228.18
GEL 80.79 11.87 302.97 3,678.18 5.16 20.25 164.95
WEL 1.79 - 10.87 5.10 266.56 0.92 13.35
OEL 4.81 5.63 61.37 36.02 4.96 389.21 425.47
U-RLL 70.82 128.51 77.17 52.70 13.86 98.94 9,034.90

Figure 5

Second classification of ecological-living-productive land in Xining City. BD: baseline development; FD: fast development; SD: slow development; HD: harmonious development"

Figure 7

Simulated ecological-living-productive land and the actual ecological-living-productive land in 2015"

Figure 8

Areas of ecological-living-productive land (a) and eco-environmental quality grade (b) for four scenarios in 2030. APL: agriculture productive land; IPL: industry productive land; FEL: forestry ecological land; GEL: grass ecological land; WEL: water ecological land; OEL: other ecological land; U-RLL: urban and rural living land; BD: baseline development; FD: fast development; SD: slow development; HD: harmonious development"

Figure 6

Distribution of eco-environmental quality in Xining City. BD: baseline development; FD: fast development; SD: slow development; HD: harmonious development"

Table 6

Main land use transformation types improving and reducing the regional eco-environment"

1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2015
Mode Main land use types Contribution ratio Weights of contribution ratio (%) Contribution ratio Weights of contribution ratio (%) Contribution ratio Weights of contribution ratio (%)
Improving the regional eco-environment APL to FEL 0.007222 0.535 0.050104 0.801 0.003187 0.331
APL to GEL 0.001069 0.079 0.007280 0.116 0.001015 0.105
OEL to FEL 0.000032 0.002 0.001102 0.018 0.001091 0.113
OEL to WEL 0.003194 0.237 0.000063 0.001 0.000051 0.005
U-RLL to APL 0.000757 0.056 0.000491 0.008 0.000415 0.043
U-RLL to FEL 0.000092 0.007 0.001437 0.023 0.001396 0.145
U-RLL to GEL 0.000555 0.041 0.000598 0.010 0.000860 0.089
Total 0.012922 0.958 0.061074 0.977 0.008016 1.000
Reducing the regional eco-environment APL to OEL 0.000268 0.035 0.000532 0.030 0.000655 0.023
APL to IPL 0.000720 0.093 0.000893 0.050 0.001559 0.014
APL to U-RLL 0.003111 0.401 0.013782 0.776 0.013350 0.517
FEL to APL 0.001274 0.164 0.000585 0.033 0.002500 0.124
FEL to IPL 0.000005 0.001 0.000373 0.021 0.000478 0.014
FEL to U-RLL 0.000475 0.061 0.000801 0.045 0.001788 0.143
GEL to APL 0.001752 0.226 0.000191 0.011 0.000677 0.029
GEL to U-RLL 0.000059 0.008 0.000349 0.020 0.000860 0.094
Total 0.007664 0.987 0.017507 0.986 0.021867 1.000
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