Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions ›› 2019, Vol. 11 ›› Issue (3): 173-183.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2019.00173.

   

Studies on eco-environmental change in source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers of China:present and future

JianPing Yang()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
  • Received:2019-01-07 Accepted:2019-06-04 Online:2019-06-30 Published:2019-07-01
  • Contact: JianPing Yang E-mail:jianping@lzb.ac.cn

Abstract:

The source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers are important in the field of eco-environmental change research in China because of its distinct alpine ecosystem and cryosphere environment. At present, there are three different concepts on the extent of source areas of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers: hydrological, geographical, and eco-environmental. Over the past decades, annual average air temperature has warmed significantly; moreover, the temperature rise rate increases notably with increase of time of the data series. Annual precipitation has no obvious increase or decrease trend, and the climate has become warm and dry in the source regions. As a result, the cryosphere in the regions has shrunk significantly since 1960s. A warm and dry climate and changing cryosphere together induced a substantial declination of alpine wetlands, marked decrease in river runoff, significant degradation of alpine grassland, and a reduction of engineering stability. The ecological environment, however, has a tendency for restoration in the regions because the climate has become gradually warm and wet since 2000. Thus, studies on eco-environmental change is transforming from a single element to multidisciplinary integration. Climate change-cryopshere change-physical and socioeconomic impacts/risk-adaptation constitute a chain of multidisciplinary integration research.

Key words: cryosphere change, hydrological system, alpine grassland, the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, present and future

Figure 1

Geographical, hydrological, and eco-environmental extent of source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers,China. Black dots represent hydrological stations, black triangles represent place names"

Figure 2

The number of ecological environment change articles in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers for 1998-2018"

Table 1

Change in mean annual air temperature in source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers based on different time series"

Period Change rate in mean annual air temperature Source
Source region of the Yangtze River Source region of the Yellow River
1961-2000 0.18 °C/10a 0.22 °C/10a Yang et al., 2004a
1960-2002 0.27 °C/10a 0.31 °C/10a Wang et al., 2009
1962-2004 0.24 °C/10a 0.32 °C/10a Li et al., 2006
1961-2007 0.32 °C/10a 0.36 °C/10a Liu et al., 2010
1971-2008 0.37 °C/10a Jiang et al., 2012
1969-2013 0.41 °C/10a 0.37 °C/10a Du et al., 2015a
1982-2013 0.62 °C/10a 0.57 °C/10a Wang, 2016

Table 2

Change in annual precipitation in source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers based on different time series"

Period Change rate in annual precipitation Source
Source region of the Yangtze River Source region of the Yellow River
1961-2000 Slight increase, but not obvious Yang et al., 2004a
1960-2002 Slight increase rates of 3.6 mm/10a and 0.7 mm/10a in source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, respectively, but not obvious Wang et al., 2009
1962-2004 Slight decrease, but not significant Li et al., 2006
1961-2007 Overall increase at the rate of 0.78 mm/10a Liu et al., 2010
1971-2008 Decrease in eastern part of source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, while slight increase in other areas. Higher in the 1980s, lower in the 1970s and 1990s, and higher since the 21st century Jiang et al., 2012
1969-2013 Significant increase at the rate of 17.51 mm/10a No obvious change trend Du et al., 2015a
1982-2013 No obvious change trend during the period 1982-2013, but a significant increase of 104.4 mm/10a in the source region of the Yellow River and of 75.48 mm/10a in the source region of the Yangtze River between 2000 and 2013 Wang, 2016

Table 3

Change in alpine wetlands in source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers over the past decades"

Period Source region of the Yangtze River Source region of the Yellow River Source
1956-2000 Obvious decrease in runoff of the Yellow and Yangtze rivers Cao et al., 2005
1956-2000 Obvious decrease at a rate of 0.5×108 m3/a Slight increase at a rate of 0.05×108 m3/a Xie et al., 2003
1961-2000

Annual average river runoff continuously decreased by 15.2%

Areas of alpine swamp meadows and lakes decreased by 12.5% and 6.3%, respectively during 1969-2000

Wang et al., 2007
1986-2000

Annual average runoff decreased by 12.4%

Water area in river decreased by 0.3%

Lake area decreased by 10.6%

Swamp meadows decreased by 27.6%

Annual average runoff decreased by 19.0%

Water area in river decreased by 9.0%

Lake area decreased by 5.3%

Swamp meadows decreased by 7.5%

Yang et al., 2006b
1969-2013

The alpine wetland area decreased by 19.16% in source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers.

Since 2000 the degradation rate of alpine wetland has decreased gradually, especially after 2007 where lake wetland area increased

Du et al., 2015a

Water area in river decreased by 3.24%

Lake area decreased by 3.34%

Swamp meadows decreased by 29.3%

Water area in river decreased by 17.8%

Lake area decreased by 0.35%

Swamp meadows decreased by 29.7%

Mid to late 21st century

In 2030-2049 average annual runoff will increase by 8.58% and 9.19% in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, respectively

In 2080-2099 average annual runoff will increase by 17.16% and 7.21% in the source region of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, respectively

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