Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions ›› 2017, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (3): 221–228.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1226.2017.00221

• ARTICLES • 上一篇    

Soil freezing process and different expressions for the soil-freezing characteristic curve

JunPing Ren1, Sai K. Vanapalli1,2, Zhong Han1,2   

  1. 1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada;
    2. School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
  • 收稿日期:2016-11-15 修回日期:2016-12-15 发布日期:2018-11-23
  • 通讯作者: Vanapalli Sai K., Sai K. Vanapalli, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada. Tel: +1-613-562-5800 X. 6638; Fax: 613-562-5173; E-mail: sai.vanapalli@uottawa.ca E-mail:sai.vanapalli@uottawa.ca

Soil freezing process and different expressions for the soil-freezing characteristic curve

JunPing Ren1, Sai K. Vanapalli1,2, Zhong Han1,2   

  1. 1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada;
    2. School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
  • Received:2016-11-15 Revised:2016-12-15 Published:2018-11-23
  • Contact: Vanapalli Sai K., Sai K. Vanapalli, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada. Tel: +1-613-562-5800 X. 6638; Fax: 613-562-5173; E-mail: sai.vanapalli@uottawa.ca E-mail:sai.vanapalli@uottawa.ca

摘要: The soil-freezing characteristic curve (SFCC), which represents the relationship between unfrozen water content and sub-freezing temperature (or suction at ice-water interface) in a freezing soil, can be used for understanding the transportation of heat, water, and solute in frozen soils. In this paper, the soil freezing process and the similarity between the SFCC of saturated frozen soil and soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) of unfrozen unsaturated soil are reviewed. Based on similar characteristics between SWCC and SFCC, a conceptual SFCC is drawn for illustrating the main features of soil freezing and thawing processes. Various SFCC expressions from the literature are summarized. Four widely used expressions (i.e., power relationship, exponential relationship, van Genuchten 1980 equation and Fredlund and Xing 1994 equation) are evaluated using published experimental data on four different soils (i.e., sandy loam, silt, clay, and saline silt). Results show that the exponential relationship and van Genuchten (1980) equation are more suitable for sandy soils. The simple power relationship can be used to reasonably best-fit the SFCC for soils with different particle sizes; however, it exhibits limitations when fitting the saline silt data. The Fredlund and Xing (1994) equation is suitable for fitting the SFCCs for all soils studied in this paper.

关键词: frozen soil, soil-freezing characteristic curve, Clapeyron equation, soil-water characteristic curve, unfrozen water content

Abstract: The soil-freezing characteristic curve (SFCC), which represents the relationship between unfrozen water content and sub-freezing temperature (or suction at ice-water interface) in a freezing soil, can be used for understanding the transportation of heat, water, and solute in frozen soils. In this paper, the soil freezing process and the similarity between the SFCC of saturated frozen soil and soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) of unfrozen unsaturated soil are reviewed. Based on similar characteristics between SWCC and SFCC, a conceptual SFCC is drawn for illustrating the main features of soil freezing and thawing processes. Various SFCC expressions from the literature are summarized. Four widely used expressions (i.e., power relationship, exponential relationship, van Genuchten 1980 equation and Fredlund and Xing 1994 equation) are evaluated using published experimental data on four different soils (i.e., sandy loam, silt, clay, and saline silt). Results show that the exponential relationship and van Genuchten (1980) equation are more suitable for sandy soils. The simple power relationship can be used to reasonably best-fit the SFCC for soils with different particle sizes; however, it exhibits limitations when fitting the saline silt data. The Fredlund and Xing (1994) equation is suitable for fitting the SFCCs for all soils studied in this paper.

Key words: frozen soil, soil-freezing characteristic curve, Clapeyron equation, soil-water characteristic curve, unfrozen water content

Anderson DM, Morgenstern NR, 1973. Physics, chemistry, and mechanics of frozen ground: a review. In Permafrost: The North American Contribution to the Second International Conference, National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, pp. 257-288.
Anderson DM, Tice AR, 1972. Predicting unfrozen water contents in frozen soils from surface area measurements. Highway Research Record, 393: 12-18.
Anderson DM, Tice AR, 1973. The unfrozen interfacial phase in frozen soil water systems. In: Hadas A, Swartzendruber D, Rijtema PE, et al. (eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 107-124.
Azmatch TF, Sego DC, Arenson LU, et al., 2012a. New ice lens initiation condition for frost heave in fine-grained soils. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 82: 8-13. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions. 2012.05.003.
Azmatch TF, Sego DC, Arenson LU, et al., 2012b. Using soil freezing characteristic curve to estimate the hydraulic conductivity function of partially frozen soils. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 83: 103-109. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.07.002.
Benson CH, Othman MA, 1993. Hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay frozen and thawed in situ. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 119(2): 276-294. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:2(276). [DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1993)119:2(276)]
Berg RL, Bigl SR, Stark J, et al., 1996. Resilient modulus testing of materials from Mn/ROAD, Phase 1. USA Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Special Report 96-19, Mn/DOT Report 96-21.
Black PB, Tice AR, 1989. Comparison of soil freezing curve and soil water curve data for Windsor sandy loam. Water Resources Research, 25(10): 2205-2210. DOI: 10.1029/WR025i010p02205. [DOI:10.1029/WR025i010p02205]
Bronfenbrener L, Bronfenbrener R, 2012. A temperature behavior of frozen soils: Field experiments and numerical solution. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 79: 84-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.03.005. [DOI:10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.03.005]
Brooks RH, Corey AT, 1964. Hydraulic properties of porous media. Transactions of the ASAE, 7(1): 1-27. DOI: 10.13031/2013.40684. [DOI:10.13031/2013.40684]
Dall'Amico M, 2010. Coupled water and heat transfer in permafrost modeling. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Trento, pp. 43.
Fredlund DG, Xing A, 1994. Equations for the soil-water characteristic curve. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 31(4): 521-532. DOI: 10.1139/t94-061. [DOI:10.1139/t94-061]
Fredlund DG, Xing A, Huang S, 1994. Predicting the permeability function for unsaturated soils using the soil-water characteristic curve. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 31(4): 533-546. DOI: 10.1139/t94-062. [DOI:10.1139/t94-062]
Hivon EG, Sego DC, 1995. Strength of frozen saline soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 32(2): 336-354. DOI: 10.1139/t95-034. [DOI:10.1139/t95-034]
Konrad JM, 2005. Estimation of the segregation potential of fine-grained soils using the frost heave response of two reference soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 42(1): 38-50. DOI: 10.1139/t04-080. [DOI:10.1139/t04-080]
Konrad JM, Morgenstern NR, 1980. A mechanistic theory of ice lens formation in fine-grained soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 17(4): 473-486. DOI: 10.1139/t80-056. [DOI:10.1139/t80-056]
Koopmans RWR, Miller RD, 1966. Soil freezing and soil water characteristic curves. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 30(6): 680-685. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1966.03615995003000060011x. [DOI:10.2136/sssaj1966.03615995003000060011x]
Kozlowski T, 2007. A semi-empirical model for phase composition of water in clay-water systems. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 49(3): 226-236. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.03.013. [DOI:10.1016/j.coldregions.2007.03.013]
Kurylyk BL, Watanabe K, 2013. The mathematical representation of freezing and thawing processes in variably-saturated, non-deformable soils. Advances in Water Resources, 60: 160-177. DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.07.016. [DOI:10.1016/j.advwatres.2013.07.016]
Liu Z, Yu X, 2014. Predicting the phase composition curve in frozen soils using index properties: A physic-empirical approach. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 108: 10-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.09.003. [DOI:10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.09.003]
McKenzie JM, Voss CI, Siegel DI, 2007. Groundwater flow with energy transport and water-ice phase change: numerical simulations, benchmarks, and application to freezing in peat bogs. Advances in Water Resources, 30(4): 966-983. DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.08.008. [DOI:10.1016/j.advwatres.2006.08.008]
Nersesova ZA, Tsytovich NA, 1963. Unfrozen water in frozen soils. In: Permafrost: Proceedings of 1st International Conference, pp. 11-15.
Penner E, 1961. The importance of freezing rate in frost action in soils. Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials, 60: 1151-1165.
Sheshukov AY, Nieber JL, 2011. One-dimensional freezing of nonheaving unsaturated soils: Model formulation and similarity solution. Water Resources Research, 47(11): W11519. DOI: 10.1029/2011WR010512. [DOI:10.1029/2011WR010512]
Shoop SA, Bigl SR, 1997. Moisture migration during freeze and thaw of unsaturated soils: modeling and large scale experiments. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 25(1): 33-45. DOI: 10.1016/S0165-232X(96)00015-8. [DOI:10.1016/S0165-232X(96)00015-8]
Smith MW, Tice AR, 1988. Measurement of the unfrozen water content of soils—comparison of nmr (nuclear magnetic resonance) and tdr (time domain reflectometry) methods. No. CRREL-88-18. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab, Hanover, NH.
Spaans EJ, Baker JM, 1996. The soil freezing characteristic: its measurement and similarity to the soil moisture characteristic. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 60: 13-19. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010005x. [DOI:10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000010005x]
Tian H, Wei C, Wei H, et al., 2014. Freezing and thawing characteristics of frozen soils: Bound water content and hysteresis phenomenon. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 103: 74-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.03.007. [DOI:10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.03.007]
Vanapalli SK, Fredlund DG, Pufahl DE, 1999. The influence of soil structure and stress history on the soil-water characteristics of a compacted till. Géotechnique, 49(2): 143-159. DOI: 10.1680/geot.1999.49.2.143. [DOI:10.1680/geot.1999.49.2.143]
van Genuchten MT, 1980. A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 44(5): 892-898. DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x. [DOI:10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x]
Williams PJ, 1966. Pore pressures at a penetrating frost line and their prediction. Géotechnique, 16(3): 187-208. DOI: 10.1680/geot.1966.16.3.187. [DOI:10.1680/geot.1966.16.3.187]
Zhang S, Teng J, He Z, et al., 2016. Importance of vapor flow in unsaturated freezing soil: a numerical study. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 126: 1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.02.011. [DOI:10.1016/j.coldregions.2016.02.011]
Zhou X, Zhou J, Kinzelbach W, et al., 2014. Simultaneous measurement of unfrozen water content and ice content in frozen soil using gamma ray attenuation and TDR. Water Resources Research, 50(12): 9630-9655. DOI: 10.1002/2014WR015640. [DOI:10.1002/2014WR015640]
[1] XiaoDong Zhao, GuoQing Zhou, GuiLin Lu, Yue Wu, Wei Jiao, Jing Yu. Strength of undisturbed and reconstituted frozen soil at temperatures close to 0℃[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(4): 404-411.
[2] Aleksey Marchenko, Nicolai Vasiliev, Artem Nesterov, Yuri Kondrashov, Nikolay Belyaev. Laboratory investigations of the thermal strain of frozen soils, using fiber-optic strain gauges based on Bragg gratings[J]. Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions, 2017, 9(3): 192-196.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited

  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!